Introduction to

Engineering Graphics
 Topics
Graphic Language & Multiview Projection
Design Dimensioning
CAD Systems Sectional Views
Sketching Techniques Auxiliary Views
Lettering Tolerancing
Geometric Working Drawings
Constructions
What is Engineering Graphic
Communication?
A universal language
– Standards organizations like:
– ANSI (American National Standards
Institute)
– ISO (International Standards Organization)
 Engineering Design
Uses Sketching & CAD
Ideas are initially sketched and then
more accurate CAD drawings are
created
 Terminology
CAD: Computer Aided Design
CADD: Computer Aided Design & Drafting
CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacturing
CAE: Computer Assisted Engineering
Reading Drawings: Interpreting drawings made by others
Technical Drawing: Drawings used to express technical ideas
Engineering Design Graphics: Technical Drawings representing
designs & specifications for physical objects
 Objective
How to use sketching as an effective tool in
the engineering design process
 Freehand Sketching

Freehand sketching is used in engineering

graphics to quickly communicate your ideas or
designs.
Drawing instruments and CAD are not always
available, especially during field work
Freehand sketching is not sloppy sketching!
Your sketches need to be interpreted by others
on your design team – use good lettering.
Example Freehand Sketch
for Concept Development
 Overview
Sketching Review
Pictorials
– Perspective
– Parallel projection
 Sketching Allows for the Quick
Translation of Thoughts to Paper
Understand your audience
– Who is looking at the sketches?
– What details are they interested in?
– What type of sketch will they best
understand?

Sketches provide a log of ideas that were

considered in a brainstorming session
 Sketching (review)
Definition
A rough freehand drawing used to document,
communicate, and refine ideas developed
primarily in the ideation phase of the design
process
A developed skill
Should be the first step of any CAD or
mechanical drawing (including
homework assignments)
 Pictorial Sketches
Definition: A sketch developed for ease of
visualization that shows an objects height, width,
and depth in a single view
Particularly useful for non-technical audiences
– Assembly drawings
– Marketing
Helpful in the ideation phase of the design process
– How we picture objects in our mind
– How we visualize spatial relationships
 Pictorial Sketches
Parallel Projection
– Parallel lines are always drawn parallel
– Easy to draw
– Two common types
Oblique Pictorials
Isometric Pictorials
Perspective Projection
– Conveys information about distance and size
– Not as common as parallel projection
Parallel Projection Pictorials
Oblique Pictorials
– The simplest pictorial to sketch
– Surfaces which are parallel to the front face are
undistorted as in a multiview drawing
Circular features should be placed in the front view if
possible
Draw the front face first
– Lines which are perpendicular to the front face are
drawn at an angle of 45o
Parallel Projection Pictorials
Oblique Pictorials
– Cavalier Oblique
Depth is drawn full size
Object looks distorted (depth is exaggerated)
– Cabinet Oblique
Depth is drawn to 1/2 of full size
Depth appears more accurate (2/3 is best)
– Circular features which are not parallel to the
front plane appear elliptical
 Axonometric Pictorials

• Isometric
– Height drawn along vertical
axis
– Width and depth drawn at 30o
to horizontal axis
Parallel Projection Pictorials
Isometric Pictorials
– Begin drawing by blocking in height, width and depth of
entire object.
– Continue to block in smaller features
– Add curved surfaces last
circles appear as ellipses
lines tangent to arcs locate the edge of curved surfaces
– Isometric grid paper is often helpful
follow direction of axis and count intersections
use tracing paper or grid paper with light lines
 Tools
Pencils
– Use a mechanical pencil (0.5mm lead)
– Practice using different pressure to produce desired
linet ypes (construction lines)
Paper
– Square grid and tracing paper is often useful
Eraser
– A good eraser is worth the investment
– Do not overuse your eraser (save some mistakes)
Using Simple Instruments
The use of mechanical instruments is
recommended only for beginners. Break away
from reliance on tools that slow you down.
Helpful tools for beginners
– Compass
– Triangles
– Dividers
– Ruler
 Mechanics of Sketching
Drawing straight
lines
Drawing curved
lines
Using a bounding
box
 Drawing straight lines
Mark starting and ending point
Break long lines into short line
segments by marking the midpoint
Start with a light pass if necessary
and then darken
Use a loose comfortable grip
Reorient the paper to your
convenience
– test your skill with different orientations
– an awkward orientation may occasionally
produce positive results
 Drawing curved lines
Break large arcs/circles into small
segments
Make guide marks for each
segment
Circles and Ellipses
– Sketch a light square/rectangle
– Lightly sketch in diagonals
– Mark contact points on
square/rectangle
– Rotate the paper for each segment
 Bounding Box and Construction
Lines
Plan
– choose proper scale and
orientation
– don’t crowd sketches
– Start with a bounding box
– Use light straight construction
lines
Draw boundary lines of
internal features starting with
the largest features
Sketch dark object lines using
light boundary lines as a
guide
 Summary

Engineering drawing can be a universal

language to communicate your ideas.
The engineering design process uses
sketching and CAD to communicate and
record ideas.