Engr.

Annalyn Soria
I– Introduction
M- Methodology
R – Results
A- Analysis
D- Discussion
 Introduction: Why you did this work?
What is its purpose?
 Methods: What materials did you
use? How did you use
them?
 Results What did you discover?
 Analysis What do your findings
mean?
 Discussion How does this relate to the
problem?
 IMRAD can be modified
– If several methods are used, combine
Methods with Results
– If results are complex, combine Results
with Discussion.
– If discussion clearly conclude, combine
Discussion with Conclusion
(CHAPTER I) Introduction
Statement of the problem & purpose
Significance of the study
Research questions and/or hypotheses
(CHAPTER II) - Methodology
Population and sampling
Instrumentation (include copy in appendix)
Procedure and time frame
Analysis plan (type of statistical tests)
Validity and reliability
Assumptions
Scope and limitations
(CHAPTER III) Results
(CHAPTER IV) Discussion & Conclusions
Summary (of what you did and found)
Discussion (why you think you found what
you did)
Recommendations (based on your
findings)
REFERENCES
 Put yourself in your reader's position
- would you continue reading?
- Catch the reader’s attention Review
pertinent literature Justification and
objectives
- Present tense
 A good introduction is relatively short.
 It tells why the reader should find the paper
interesting, explains why the author carried out
the research, and gives the background the
reader needs to understand and judge the paper.
 Specifically, the Introduction defines the nature
and extent of the problems studied, relates the
research to previous work (usually by a brief
review of the literature clearly relevant to the
problem), explains the objectives of
investigation, and defines any specialized terms
or abbreviations to be used in what follows.
 The Introduction should be relatively brief;
most journals recommend less than 500
words. Avoid repetition: do not repeat the
Abstract in the Introduction (and Introduction
in the Discussion).
 Do not go into an extensive literature
review;two to four most relevant and recent
citations should be adequate to corroborate a
statement. Do not repeat well-known facts
nor state the obvious.
 The Introduction section also may use
different tenses: justification and motivation
of the study is presented in present tense
whereas the review of literature is presented
in past tense. The objective is written in past
tense.