Subpokok Bahasan 1.

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PENGERTIAN DAN LINGKUP
PERANCANGAN KOTA

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 Materi
 Pengertian rancang kota
 Tujuan
 Kedudukan rancang kota dalam perencanaan kota
 Perhatian rancang kota
 Lingkup perancangan kota
 Good urban design

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Pengertian Rancang Kota
 ... "part of city planning which deals with aesthetics, and
which determines the order and form of the city" (Gutheim,
1963: 107)
 ... part of the planning process that deals with the
physical quality of the environment (Shirvani, 1985)
 ... the process of giving physical design direction to urban
growth, conservation, and changes (Barnett, 1982)
 ...branch of city planning which focuses on the analysis,
design, and management of environments with
particular attention to the experiential qualities of place.
It addresses the environmental needs of various groups of
users in terms of how they perceive, value and use places
(Southworth,1989: 370).

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 … the art relating structures to one another and to
their natural setting to serve contemporary living
(Stein, 19..)
 .... a complex interdisciplinary field that encompasses
architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, civil
and transportation engineering, psychology, real estate
development, law, and other specialties (Shirvani, 1985)
 ... concerned with the functional and visual
relationships between people and their physical
environment and the ways in which those relationships
can be consciously improved (Kriken, 1979).
 ... a process "to safeguard environmental quality as a
city changes" (Shirvani, 1981)

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 ... interacting process that involves one or more
governmental agencies, decisions on public
facilities, consultation with public and private
organizations, the development of data and other
information, the measurements of public and private
benefits both quantitatively and qualitatively, and
consideration of as many of these factors as is
feasible within a given physical environment (Kriken,
1979).
 … an integral part of the process of city and
regional planning. It is primarily and essentially
three-dimensional design but must also deal with the
non-visual aspects of environment, such as noise,
smell or feelings of danger and safety, which contribute
significantly to the character of an area. Its major
characteristic is the arrangement of the physical
objects and human activities which make up the
environment; this space and the relationship of elements
in it is essentially external, as distinct from internal space
(Gosling and Maitland, 1984: 7) 5
 Urban design activity seeks to develop the policy
framework within which physical designs are
created. It is that level of design which deals with the
relationship between the major elements of the
city fabric. It extends in both time and space in that
its constituent parts are distributed in space and
constructed at different times by different persons.
Urban design is concerned with the management of
the physical development of the city. Management is
difficult in that the client is multiple, the program
indeterminate, control partial, and there is no
certain state of completion. Its concern is with both
the urban built (environment) ... and the natural
environment as impinged upon by urban development
(Urban Design Section, Institute of Chartered Planners, in Boden
1989: 65).

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Tujuan Rancang Kota
 “to develop policy framework within which physical design
are created” (Boden, 1989)
 to decides whether to build or not to build
 what & how to build: form, configuration, location that
have the least negative environment impact
 to manage physical development
 to satisfy “environmental needs of various groups of users”
(Southworth 1989)
 to control “the order and form of the city” (Gutheim 1963)
 to contribute to the character of an area (Gosling & Maitland
1984)

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 more pleasant environment: walking in the
streets & living inside the buildings (bagus-sepi vs.
biasa-ramai)
 to develop and revitalize economic activities
 to maintain the quality and character of
environment/neighborhood, mixing the new and old
buildings
 to increase the identity and character of
communities
 to manage the quality and character of large
areas through policies, standards, and design
review
 to identify the assets of environment
 to analyze visual quality and to solve growth
and economic problems
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Kedudukan Rancang Kota
dalam Perencanaan Kota
RTRW

RTRW Kaw. Perkotaan

Kota/Kab Kaw. Perdesaan
Kaw. Tertentu

RDTRK

RTRK RTBL

Rancang Kota

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Karakteristik Rancang Kota

 good for business and link urban design with

economic development
 gray area/bridge between macro & micro
planning (PL & AR)
 multi-discipline
 provide operational guidelines to implement city
plans
 appearance, performance, picturesque.
 designing cities without designing building

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Perhatian dalam Rancang
Kota
 physical & spatial design of environment
 urban built environment & natural environment
 deals with the relationships between the major
elements of the city fabric (time & space)
 management of the physical development of the
city (multiple client, indeterminate program,
partial control, no certainty, state of completion)

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 Obyek Perancangan Kota
Tata massa
Sirkulasi bangunan

Bangunan
pelestarian
Parkir
Pagar

Perkakas
jalan

Lanskap,
vegetasi
RTH, Taman
Alur
pejalan

Jalur hijau

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 Tata
informasi:
• Informasi
• Arah
• Identifikasi
• peraturan

Alur pejalan

Ruang terbuka
publik

Ruang terbuka
hijau

Perkakas jalan:
Bangku, lampu,
dll
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 Obyek/Lingkup Perancangan
(Shirvani 1985)

 Exterior of individuals buildings outward, with positive

and negative effects of individual buildings
 External design of building blocks
 The spaces between the buildings (between and
around buildings)

 internal pattern and image (focal points, viewpoints,

landmarks, movement patterns)
1. external form and image (skyline, overall image, identity)
2. circulation and parking (streetscape, safety, ease of
movement, clarity of route, parking location & requirements)
3. quality of environment (compatibility of uses, natural elements,
distance to open space, street façade, view, maintenance, noise,
microclimate)
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1. Pola + citra internal:
– tujuan/manfaat rg antara struktur-struktur kota pd level mikro (kunci
features fisik tatanan kota):
– focal points, view points, landmarks & pola pergerakan.
2. Bentuk & citra eksternal:
– skyline kota & citra + identitas keseluruhannya.
3. Sirkulasi & parkir: jl. & karakter jl.;
– Kualitas pemeliharaan, keluasan, urutan, kemonotonan & kejelasan
route/lintasan.
– Orientasi ketujuan.
– Keselamatan & kemudahan pergerakan
– Kebutuhan & lokasi parkir
4. Kualitas lingkungan:
– a. kesesuaian penggunaan (lahan)
– b. kehadiran unsur alamiah
– c. jarak ke rg terbuka
– d. daya tarik visual muka jalan (street facede)
– e. kualitas pemandangan
– f. kualitas pemeliharaan
– g. kualitas suara
– h. kualitas iklim mikro
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 Peran Perancang Kota
1. Image Maker & Formal Artist (sebagai pembuat
citra & artis formal)
– pandangan Arsitektur:
– Tanpa perhatian sosial yang jelas
– kreatif untuk bangunan
2. Applied Ecologist (sebagai ahli ekologi terapan)
– Pandangan arsitek lanskap
– Kesehatan lingkungan.
3. Infrastructure Designer (sebagai perancang
prasarana)
1. Pandangan ahli teknik sipil (+ PL)
2. Sistem pras dan LU
4. Social Force (sebagai kekuatan sosial)
1. Pandangan perencana (PL)
2. Untuk masyarakat: meningkatkan kualitas hidup
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1. TOTAL DESIGN
– desain arsitektural pada skala kota.
– desiner/design tim membuat seluruh desain
(seluruh rencana s/d supervisi pelaksanaan)

2. ALL-OF-A-PIECE
– desain keseluruhan dibuat oleh 1 perusahaan yang
bertanggung jawab terhadap seluruh desain, tapi
dengan keterlibatan sejumlah arsitek dan/atau
developer
– guidelines dibuat untuk developers + arsitek
– mereview proposal rancang kota

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3. ASSEMBLAGE OF FRAGMENTS
– berdasar prinsip infrastructure design
– perancang hanya merancang public infrastructure, atau
guidelines untuk mencapainya

4. DESIGNER OF DESIGN GUIDELINES

– Perancang bertanggungjawab terhadap rancangan
infrastruktur, dan guidelines untuk bangunan yang akan
mengikutinya, dan rencana dilaksanakan dalam beberapa
tahap (jangka panjang)
– links between public policy statements & physical design of an
area.
– batasan operasional & spesifitas ekspphon dari prinsip-prinsip
yang menciptakan bentuk fisik

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 Perilaku dalam Rancang
Kota
1. Financially pragmatic
– demand, market, profit sebagai basis
– komoditas yang dibeli/dijual/disewa
2. Art
– semata-mata seni, tanpa aspek rekayasa sosial
3. Problem solving
– penerapan pengetahuan empirik ke dalam desain untuk
memecahkan persoalan user & kebutuhannya
4. Community design:
– keputusan dibuat oleh users
– hanya yang diinginkan (what they want) tanpa melihat
alternatif lain
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GOOD URBAN DESIGN

What is good urban design?

How to formulate good urban design?

How to implement good urban design

policy/plan/guidelines/program?

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 Good Urban Design is…
(Brine, 1991)

 “A generous spread of good design in

places, rather than a concentration of bright
design ideas in individual structures”
 “…a means of combating juvenile crime in
the less privileged outer suburban reaches”
 “…good places to shop, good landscape
architecture, streetscape, pedestrian ways,
places to park the car, public spaces and
public art”

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 “… cultural rather than mechanical…”
 “…will not be achieved as an aftermarket
accessory, screwed on as an appendage to
give aesthetic appeal, or to tart up a faded
image”
 …friendly qualities of form, proportion,
scale, texture and colour that we identify as
central to our enjoyment

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 Beliefs toward Urban Design

 “Cities can be designed”(Barnett, 1982)

 “Built environment can be designed”
 “…large scale aspects of the built
environment can and should be
“designed”” (Brine, 1991)

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