SOFiSTiK2014 Initiation N1 OA v6

September 2016
SOFiSTiK TRAINING SSD 2014

LEVEL 1 – BEGINNERS
PRESENTATION & INITIATION (OA) (SOFISTIK SURVIVAL KIT)
General presentation of the software SOFiSTiK
2014 version
SOFISTIK – General presentation
Operation of the software
SOFiSTiK is a finite element structural

calculation software.
Divided into « tasks » and modules.

tasks to define the model:
 Material and sections definition,
 Loads, combinations,
 Seismic characteristics …
modules to conduct calculation:
 1 module = 1 type of analysis
(sections, materials, linear analysis,
seismic analysis…)
 Successive calls of modules for calculation
Page 3 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

For each module: a licence is associated

Basic licences
 Preprocessing
 Using Sofistik Structural Desktop (for inputs)
 Using Sofiplus-X
 Postprocessing
 Reading the results (graphs or reports)
Calculation licences
 Solver : required for use of each model
 Exporting the graphic model (automatic meshing, prestressing,…)
 All analyses (linear, non-linear, seismic,…)
Generally 1 calculation licence for 5 basic licences

! For Dyna (seismic analysis) : only 2 licences!

Operation of the software:
Drawings
Sofiplus
Wingraph AutoCAD
Graphical
Main graphical interfaces (CAD)
outputs - AutoCAD drawings
+ SOFiSTiK specific elements
CDB - Material definition
- Structural properties management
Graphix Database - Loadcases management
Detailed graphical -…
outputs
SSD Scripts
(structural Graphical
Ursula desktop) interfaces (CAD)
Calculation notes - Material definition
- Structural properties management
- Loadcases and combinations management
- Prestressing definition
- Seismic parameters
- Design ULS/SLS
-…

Module Flow Chart
Page 6 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 - Beginners

Calculation capacities
Linear and non-linear analysis

 1st, 2nd et 3rd order
 Load combinations (predefined or explicit)
 Customisation of calculations (time saving)
Design of beams and slabs

(ULS / SLS)
 Linear and non-linear analysis
 Required reinforcement calculation
 Stresses in beams/slabs at ULS / SLS
 Prestressing forces
(during service / construction)

Dynamic calculations
Seismic calculations
Spectral analysis (linear)
 Eigenvalues
 Customize predefined spectra
 Usual mode superposition options
(CQC, SRSS…)
 Explicit seismic combinations with script
 Usual !
Pushover analysis (non linear)

 Performance point
 Stresses and strains in materials
 Used on reacherch and development and on projects
Time-history analysis (linear or non-linear)

 Used for special cases (high seismicity or special bridges)
 Time consuming when solving
 Under check in Paris

Rolling stock analysis

Deck acceleration analysis
 Eigenvalues
 HSLM convoys (10 as per EC)
 Wide range of speeds (from 40m/s up to 480 km/h
for Russia HSL)
Comfort analysis
 Real train modelling with full description of damping,
springs, mass and mass inertia

Rail structure interaction

IRS analysis
 Additional stressesin rails
 Relative displacements between rails and deck
 Displacements at changes of structure type
 Forces in substructures

Other Calculation capacities
Fire calculations
Volumic calculations

SOFiSTiK community
SYSTRA - SOFiSTiK
– Calculation software manager
• Aurélie VIVIER – Software Distribution
• Georg Pircher
– SOFiSTiK support team OAA
• Xavier Martin
• Aurélie VIVIER
• Erica CALATOZZO
• …. – SOFiSTiK Hotline
(support@sofistik.de)
SOFiSTiK support team TSS • Reports bugs to SOFiSTiK
• Michelle MAGNE team
• Guy KEGNE
• Answers support requests
(bugs, how-to-use…)
– SOFiSTiK users
• List available Hotline
– SOFiSTiK team
Network, mails,
• Software development
trainings…
• Bug solutions

OAA & TSS organization
Support
SOFiSTiK users Request SOFiSTiK
User
= everyone Hotline
Support
requests Network
(forum)
- Support docs
Bug reporting (manuals, trainings…)
(network) - Feedback management
(bug and useful tips lists,
Useful tips communication with
and REX hotline)
(network) - Sofistik docs
(examples, reports…)
V:\9-DTE\92-INFRA\924-
Feedback VPP\CALCULS ET
Internal support LOGICIELS\TECHNIQUE\SOFISTIK

User
Question or Bug ?! What should I do ?...
Correct
model
Sofistik Site Network

Forum Useful tips YES
(international) & Forum
Sofistik
NO Contact Hotline
Known Network - Answer

problem Forum after 24h
NO ?
? Ask for help
YES
Network NO
Correct Report hotline request and
error using answers & Useful Tips and
forum & REX Problem
useful tips
V:\9-DTE\92-INFRA\924- solved ?
VPP\CALCULS ET
Network – Forum LOGICIELS\TECHNIQUE\SOFISTIK\
• Answer to Forum post 20_Feedback\Synthese.xls
• Create Useful Tip Save sent and received
mails
VPP\CALCULS ET
YES Correct
LOGICIELS\TECHNIQUE\SOFISTIK\ model
21_DocEnv
VPP\CALCULS ET
Page 14 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA) LOGICIELS\TECHNIQUE\SOFISTIK\
Licence problem ?! What should I do ?...
User
Sonar Licence Need new

Update problem module
Contact : - Contact A. Vivier Validation with :

- Assistance SIT C. Gilbert for TSS
A. Vivier / V.
Mauvisseau for VPP
Test of Module
YES
Network :
- Redaction of a Interesting
small outline module ?
report
NO

Other help
On-line tutorials :
New complete tutorial for bridge design (very complete)
http://www.sofistik.com/documentation/2016/en/tutorials/bridge-design/workflow/workflow.html
Other tutorals :
http://www.sofistik.com/documentation/2016/en/tutorials/listoftutorials/list-tutorials.html
Sofistik Guidebook :
Systra Paris is writing a Sofistik guide for users (same principle as ST1 guidebook).
More details will be available inside.

September 2016
SOFiSTiK TRAINING
LEVEL 1 – BEGINNERS
TUTORIAL FOR MODEL CREATION (OA) (SOFISTIK FOR DUMMIES)

Summary
1. General presentation of the software SOFiSTiK
2. Creation of the model
3. Linear analysis
4. Use of outputs
5. Prestressing
6. Construction stage manager
7. AQB
8. Questions

1.
General presentation of the software SOFiSTiK

SOFiSTiK is a finite element structural calculation software.

Divided into « tasks » and modules.
Sofiplus (Autocad interface):
 Material and sections definition,
 Geometry
 Prestressing
 Loads, combinations,
SSD :
tasks to define the model:
 Material and sections definition (Aqua task),
 Loads (Sofiload task),
 Linear calculation (ASE task),
 Live loads definition and calculation (Ella task)
 Prestressing (Tendon task)
 Construction stage management (CSM task)
 Combinations (Maxima, AQB task)
 Seismic characteristics (Dyna or ASE)…
tasks to visualize results :

 Graphically (Animator)
 Graphically (Wingraph task),
 Tables (Graphix task),
modules to conduct calculation:

 1 module = 1 type of analysis (sections, materials, linear analysis, seismic analysis…)
 Successive calls of modules for calculation

(Very ?) Useful tricks
In teddy file :
to have access to PDF help : Press F1 ;-)
to copy a line : press F8
to replace terms : press F4
to find a term : press F3
to put in commentary : Alt+C
When the database is corrupted :

In SSD 2014 and SSD2016 you can click on the right on the mouse and choose “Clean locks” and
delete the file .sdb (copy of CDB)

(Very ?) Useful tricks
Limits of software
The following limits cannot be exceeded in principle :
Number of nodes : 9 999 999

Largest node number : 9 999 999
Largest element number : 9 999 999
Numbers of primary groups: 0 - 999
Number of elements per group 999 999
Structural points SPT : 99 999
Structural lines SLN : 99 999
Structural regions SAR : 99 999
Structural volumes SVO : 99 999
 Most of the time, limit is calculation time …

2.
Creation of the model (Sofimshc)

SOFISTIK – Creation of the model
General project data
After creating a project in SOFiSTiK,

following items need to be defined:
 Reference code
 Code-specific parameters
Wind, snow, earthquake…
 Type of modelling (2D, 3D)

 generally 3D FEA
 Units (SI, US, default units)
 Language (for input and outputs)

Sections and materials definition
Definition of materials and sections (in SSD or

Sofiplus):
 Materials (concrete, steel, prestressing);
 Sections (concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, mixed);
 Soil characteristics (linear)
 Definition of springs (elastic, elastic-plastic, plastic hinges,
other)

Structural elements
Creation of structural elements through SOFiPLUS

graphical user interface:
2 types :
- Sofimshc :
- structural elements with automatic meshing
- advised in all cases
- Sofimsha :
- finite elements with user meshing
- for specific cases( Rolling stock, cables for cable stay bridges,
ect…)

Structural elements
Creation of structural elements through SOFiPLUS

Drawing of the structure through AutoCAD in 3D (lines, shapes,…)
Definition of structural elements SOFiSTiK:

 Points, springs, rigid connections
 Lines (for beams)
 Areas (shells)
 Openings (in shells)
 Passive and active steel

Structural elements
Creation of prestressing through SOFiPLUS graphical

user interface:
Drawing of the structure through AutoCAD in 3D (lines, shapes,…)
Definition of prestressing elements SOFiSTiK

Structural elements
Creation of action and loads through SOFiPLUS

Definition of actions and loads in SOFiSTiK:

 Definition of types of action
 Definition of loads
 Definition of combinations
Very limited possibilities, we advise to use teddy definition

From Sofisplus to SSD
Export from Sofiplus to SSD :
Export to SOFiSTiK

From SSD to Sofiplus
Page 31 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 - Beginners

Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages of Sofiplus:
 AutoCAD software known by many engineers: possibility to
copy/paste
 Selection of elements to display through the layers
 Visualisation assisted by features 3D / 2D
 Clear interface for the definition of input data/elements
 Easy way to modify a structure (section modification, line offset…)
 Sequence numbering of elements
 Structural line may be defined differently from the CoG of the
section
Disadvantages of Sofiplus :
 It is dangerous to import the data directly from AutoCAD (lack of
connexion between bars in case of small gap)
 A rigorous modelling is needed (orientation of elements,
definition of links…)

In Practice
1. Materials definition
2. Cross-section definition
3. Bridge axis definition
4. Structural line definition
5. Support definition
6. Constraints definition
7. Support definition – copy between placements
8. Structural area definition
9. Model export
10. Animator view

1. Materials definition (in SSD or Sofiplus)

2. Cross-section definition (in SSD or Sofiplus)

Just draw the section !

Effective width
 Reduction of section that participate to resistance (flexure)

2. Bridge axis definition (Sofiplus)
Name of axis : limited at 4 characters in SSD 2014!



4. Structural line definition (Sofiplus)
Interesting to create group!

4. Structural line definition (Sofiplus)
Interesting to attached to the axis !

5. Support definition (Sofiplus)

5. Support definition (Sofiplus)

6. Constraints definition (Sofiplus)

6. Bearing definition (Sofiplus)

7. Support definition – copy between placements or directly (Sofiplus)
Can also be done directly on the global model

8. Structural area definition (Sofiplus)

8. Structural area definition (Sofiplus)

9. Modelisation of soil
Three methods can be used to define soil :

Structural lines with bedding
Structural points with springs
Structural points with springs and working law
 We advice to use structural points with springs every 1.0m

 better control of spacing of springs to be consistent with soil modulus
 working law only necessary on special analysis
Structural lines with bedding (elastic law):
Group 10 : Stiffness of soil for Short Term
Group 11 : Stiffness of soil for Dynamic
=> Activation of group according to

calculation type
Support width = 1,00m (dimension of the foundation)

Value = Module of soil given by geotechnicals
Structural points with springs (elastic law):

Group 10 : Stiffness of soil for Short Term
Group 11 : Stiffness of soil for Dynamic
=> Activation of group according to

calculation type
Put a SPT every 1,00m

Stiffness = Module of soil given by geotechnicals
This method works in all cases : it is advised to use this method for modelling
Structural points with springs (elastic law ) and working law (elastic and plastic law):
Put a SPT every 1,00m

Working law => doesn’t work in spectral calculation as it is linear calculation!
Non linear calculation shall be used to use yield part or to not have traction part of law
10. Model export (from Sofiplus to SSD)

11. Animator view (SSD)

SOFISTIK – Application
Let’s go to Application 1
Construction of geometry : simplified Subiyah model

- Straight bridge
- Reduce number of loadcases
- In static
- For Live loads
- For earthquake
- Reduced number of combinations
- Not all cases studied for verification (isostatic prestressing and
construction stages not included for AASHTO verifications)
Refer to wordfile “Application“

SOFISTIK – Scripts writing
Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages of script :
 Control of all parameters (more than Sofiplus, wizards…)
 Control of elements numbering (nodes, bars…)
 No problem of connection between bars and between nodes and bars
 Possibility of automating the nodes and bars generation (interface with Excel to be
developed internally)
 Possibility of automating calculation (interface with Excel to be developed internally) or
coding
 More parameters => Many things are now possible !
 More modelling capabilities + better SOFiSTiK support available
 Manuals are on line : Use F1 !
Disadvantages of script :
 Script writing time longer but models are available in Training or in Teddy examples
 Caution to define all parameters => otherwise errors will appear!
 Modelling more abstract in absence of visual check

Insert Teddy task
Calculations “à la carte”
Column “Project” adaptable by

adding necessary tasks:
 Model creation
 Tendons
 Linear analysis
 Lateral Torsional Buckling
 Earthquake
…
The task “Text Editor (Teddy)” is

used to write scripts.

Basic rules
Maximum 256 characters in a line
$ is for commentaries (in the line)
$$ means the next line is continuing this line
 Variables defined by:

- LET#variable value $ for local variables
- STO#variable value $ for global variables
 Variables are called this way: #variable

Basic rules
 To define a block:
#define name
…
#enddef
 To call a block: #include name
 To call a Teddy file (for calculation or data addition):

+apply name_file.dat
 $(NAME) = Name of the project

Model creation
 Instead of Sofiplus, Teddy can be used

for model creation using
 Aqua module for materials and sections
 Sofimshc module for geometry definition
 Sofiplus can also be converted in teddy

using :
 A
 Creating a new teddy

Model creation
 Key words
 Materials and sections (AQUA Task)
 NORM : definition of codal reference
 CONC : concrete material definition
 STEE : steel material
 SREC : section definition (rectangular)
 SECT : section definition
 Elements (SOFIMSHC Task)

 SYST : system defintion
 GAX : axis
 SPT : point
 SLN : beam
 SAR : shell
 SPTP in SPT : rigid link (constrains)
 FIX in SPT : point support (for example fixed point)
 SPTS in SPT : spring in point ‘for example soil spring on piles)
 Don’t forget to put elements in groups for easier application

of loads and exploitation of results !

Model creation
 Effective width
 Reduction of section that participate to resistance (flexure)
EXP : definition of the inner perimeter for CR/SH : usually 1 or 0.5

Model creation
To visualise Teddy geometry in Sofiplus :

Model creation
 To recover axis position and name from Sofiplus (SSD 2012)

 To put at the beginning of the teddy
 Insert the data recovered in the teddy
 Add the reference to axis for SLN in “REF” command
 To realize interpolation, put the following text after the Sofimshc

Examples
Examples of scripts in Sofistik :

Test the conversion of geometry from Sofiplus to Teddy

Use your geometry done in Sofiplus in application 1
Generate geometry with Teddy

 Use the geometry defined in “Application 2” word file (more complete than
the one of application 1

 Try to understand script language using F1 (pdf help)
 Test the conversion of geometry from Teddy to Sofiplus

3.
Linear Analysis
SOFISTIK – Analysis
Actions definition
Loads must be associated with the types of action.

Actions shall be defined first:
 PERM
 PERC
 COND
 EXCL
 EXEX
 UNSI
 USEX
 ALEX
…

Actions definition
PERM : always (permanent)

This type of action is commonly used for self weight and permanent super
imposed dead load when there is only one factor for the Self Weight (i.e in
France).
PERC: always (permanent), however, with variable factors

This type of action is commonly used for self weight in UK, because there are
two different factors (1,35 & 1,00) for the Self Weight.
COND: conditional (only if unfavourable)

If a load is defined as conditional, it will be considered only if it creates
unfavourable effects in mentioned combination.

Actions definition
EXCL: mutually exclusive but conditional (only within the categories)

When two loads are considered in one action, only one load can be considered
at a time. The two loads cannot be considered simultaneously.
EXEX: mutually exclusive but conditional inclusive categories (only within

action)
Exclusive for several trains (TGV, ICE, Shinkansen…)
UNSI: conditional with unfavourable sign

Actions definition
USEX: exclusive with unfavourable sign

It suits to earth pressure (100kPa or 30kPa but not 0). Only one of the two
defined loads can be considered but 0 cannot be considered even if it would
create the most unfavourable effect.
ALEX: always but exclusive (only within an action)

Equivalent to: EXCL + ‘’0’’ not allowed
It suits to earthquake combinations.

Actions definition
Example to explain COND, EXCL, ALEX

2 permanent loads (SIDL) applied from CSM
COND EXCL ALEX
Min
My = 0 kNm My = 0 kNm My = 0 kN because My max=

0kNm
Explanation Load is considered only if Load is considered only if 1 load is always considered,
unfavorable unfavorable  fact 1.0 on the maximum
 no load for max  no load for max one LC 5006
Max
My = 783kNm My = 632kNm My = 632kNm
Explanation All unfavorable loads are Only the most unfavorable Only the most unfavorable
considered load is considered load is considered
 both LC 5006 + LC 5400  only LC 5400  only LC 5400

Actions definition

Loads definition
Each load must be defined by:

 its type of action;
 its direction;
 its intensity;
 its application
 Free application :
 POIN : Point load
 LINE : Linear load
 AREA : Area load
 Relative to elements
 NODE : point load
 BEAM : beam load
 QUAD : shell load

Loads definition
Particular loads (Example of Subiyah project):

 Temperature : defined on beam
 Uniform temperature :
 Thermal Gradient :
 Settlement : defined on fixed node with imposed displacement

Loads definition
Particular loads (developed later in the training) :
 Creep and shrinkage : in CSM
 Live loads : in ELLA
 Seismic : in DYNA

Linear analysis
Once the loads and actions are defined, linear

model analysis can be conducted :
o With the wizard
o With a script
Visualization of “warnings” and “errors” after the

calculation thanks to the module Report browser
(ex Ursula)

Linear analysis
Linear model analysis conducted with a script :
LCC : call a load defined in Sofiload with LC

! Be careful to not take into account DL, SIDL, ect twice with CSM !!!!

Loads definition
Particular loads (Dead Load):

 With key word DLZ in ASE
Dead load is calculated with activated groups

Application
1. Define the actions in a Teddy

2. Define the loads in a Teddy
3. Define the linear calculation in a Teddy
Refer to “Application 3” wordfile

4.
Use of outputs
SOFISTIK – Use of outputs
Animator : general behaviour of the structure (quick check)
Wingraph : graphical full results

Results viewer (ex Graphix) : tables full results
Report browser (ex Ursula) : full reports

Results with Animator
Animator
While modelling
 Model visualisation
 Stability checking
Results display (deformed model)

Results with Animator

Results – Graphical outputs
Graphical outputs (Wingraph)
Type of outputs can be stored in the model (updated automatically

after recalculation)
Several display functions


Model groups to display

can be chosen
Choice of displayed data

 Inputs (Element characteristics, loads…)
 Results (Loads, stresses, displacements…)

Selecting considered loadcase

 All load within a single list (linear analysis, construction stage, earthquake
loads…)
 Automatic loadcase numbers (can be customized)
Display modes : isolines, colors, texts, vectors…


Results – Tables outputs
Group
Graphical and list outputs
(Results viewer)
Results
Loadcase
Can be easily copy-paste on excel !

Results – Tables outputs
Representation (list, graphical with lines, texts…)
Graphical and list outputs
(Results viewer)
Results
Loadcase
Section considered
Layers
(several results may be
selected in a single
output)

Results – Reports
Reports (Report Browser)

Report customized independently from calculations
For complex calculations, contains more results than others
Chose the results to be displayed
 Elements to be integrated in reports
 Reportlayout
 Mask unwanted results before printing
High potential but time consuming:

 A report layout can be re-used on future project
(creating a template from existing project)
 Time consuming for creation / time saving if re-used
 Possible standardisation of reports
To be developed in SYSTRA

Results – Reports
Reports (Report Browser)

Results – Reports

Results – Excel
1. Export to excel
2. Choose the onglet you want results (beams, quads…)
3. Go to complement and Sofistikk CDB2 Excel
4. Choose the results you want (Add columns)
5. Read datas
Less easy than graphix …

Results – Excel
1. Create a template teddy

2. Choose results you want :
Complex to use but very useful for

repetitive work!

Application
Visualize the results of the linear analysis in all output manner : animator,
wingraph, report browser, results viewer…

5.
Prestressing
SOFISTIK – Prestressing
Prestressing definition
The prestressing (pre or post-tension) is defined by (TENDON):

 Diameter of the strands,
 Tensioning force,
 Slip anchorage,
 Friction losses,
 Wobble coefficient (in DEG/m)
 Cable geometry :
 3 points at least!
 define in global coordinates system…
The tensioning sequence needs to be mentioned in the construction

stage manager.
Local orientation of beams that support the cable should be the same
for all beams
Page SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)
101
Example of post-tension

102

103
Example of pre-tension
SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page
104
Bridge construction table :

 Define in Ursula report the prestressing,
 Define the prestressing system

105
Prestressing verification
Verification available in animator:

 Visualization of the cables (1rst check!)

106
Verification available in wingraph:

 Visualization of the cables (1rst check!)

107
Verification available in Report Browser:

 Find the Report Browser report about prestressing,
 Find the prestressing system,
 Verify cables outline (by tables or graphs)
Elevation
Plan view

108
Verification available in Report browser:

 Verify short term losses in Ursula
 For long term losses, CSM is required !
Stress forces
As it can be observed, tension before losses doesn’t start a 1.00*1488MPa

This is a bug in SSD2014 (and SSD2016) for post-tension (PSIG)
One (temporary) solution is to modify materials as follow (all tensions at 1860Mpa):

109
Other examples :
• Prestressing for quad elements
• Prestressing defined with beams numbers

110
Prestressing in Sofisplus:
• Since SSD 2014 version, it is possible to define prestressing in Sofisplus
• This command has not yet been tested in Systra Paris …

111
Create the prestressing

Caution : At least 3 points per cables!

112
6.
Construction stage manager
SOFISTIK – CSM
Construction sequence description
All the construction sequences must be detailed in

the construction stage manager:
 Formwork installation,
 Concrete pouring of different elements,
 Cables tensioning,
 Modification of supports,
…
This allows to take into account

the creep and shrinkage effects
of materials.

114
SOFISTIK – CSM
Options of csm calculation
Activation of elements by
groups numbers
Activation of prestressing
SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Activation of load cases
Page
115
SOFISTIK – CSM
Creep and shrinkage : time

is evoluated

116
SOFISTIK – CSM
To save results for combinations…

117
SOFISTIK – CSM
Options :
 CTRL OPT CANT VAL 1 to 99 (see options)
 CTRL OPT CAST VAL 1 or 0 (see options)
 CTRL OPT CREEP VAL STAN or RCRE (see options)
 CTRL OPT GAMC VAL 1 : dead load redistribution or not with CR/SH
 CTRL OPT B_G1 : include or not construction step in permanent results
 CTRL OPT SVRF VAL 0 : reinforcement not considered for CR/SH
 To not have strange results with constraints and springs put, neutralized creep and shrinkage in
springs :
GRP 0 ICS1 1 T0 3 ICSD 1 PHIF 0

118
SOFISTIK – CSM
CR/SH :
In order to have the CEB-FIB curve for Creep and Shrinkage and not the
Eurocode one, the following procedure shall be applied :
- Copy/paste the «us_aashto-2010.ini » in the directory
- C:\Program Files (x86)\SOFiSTiK\2014\ANALYSIS_27
- C:\Program Files (x86)\SOFiSTiK\2014\ANALYSIS_27_X64
- Add the following script before the CSM
- CR/SH curves are plotted in Report browser

- Run the CSM
- New CR/SH laws have been added in SSD 2016

119
SOFISTIK – CSM
CR/SH (Subiyah project example):

120
SOFISTIK – CSM
Load cases are automatically generated:

4xxi = loads created at step [i]
5xxi = implement of load between steps 4xx[i-1] and 4xx[i]
6xxi = internal forces at step [i]
7xxi = internal stresses at step [i]
When running CSM module, it creates the following files:

-$(NAME)_csm.dat which contains all the AQB and ASE
calculations to be made
-$(NAME)_csmlf.dat which contains all LC created by CSM (this file will be
used in further Teddy tasks)

121
SOFISTIK – CSM
Construction sequence description (2/2)

122
Create the csm


123
7.
Live loads
Summary
A. Design vehicular Live loads (AASHTO)
B. Description of the model
C. Convoy LL script
D. Control of results for MY
E. Combinations
F. Convoy LL script Vz
G. Convoy LL script Mt
H. Application

125
A. Design vehicular Live loads (AASHTO, §3.6.1.2)
 Number of lanes : w / 3600mm

 w : clear roadway width between curbs &/or barriers
 Design Truck :
 Loads
 Impact factor
 Design Tandem :
 2 axles of 110kN spaced of 1,2m
 Impact factor
 Design Load Lane :

 9,3kN/m
 No impact factor
 Occupation : 3m transversally on a design lane
 Tire contact area : 250mm
510mm
 Combination :
 1 design truck + design lane load
 or 1 design tandem + design lane load
 Others rules in AASHTO no applied in this training
 Multiple presence factor m :

Nber or load lanes m
1 1,20
2 1,00
3 0,85
>3 0,65
 Impact coefficient : 1 + IM/100 =1.3 in this training
 Centrifugal force : here no considered because straight bridge
 Braking Force :
 25% axles weight of design truck or tandem (not applied in this training)
 or 5% of design truck + lane load
 or 5% of design tandem + lane load
 Applied at 1,8m above the roadway surface
B. Description of the model
 Four lanes of 3.6m

C. Convoy script
Three ways to realize convoy calculation :
 Wizard :
 In Bridge & Slab bridge wizard => not enough details possible
 In CABD : Traffic loader => not enough details possible
 Sofiload :
 Definition of a running imposed load => useful to have influence lines for a simple model
 Complete definition of convoy load manually with loops
 Ella (detailed in this training!) :

 Module to calculate convoy loads using axis definition and convoy definition
 Same global principles as in ST1

 Useful for beam model, too big for shell model
C. Convoy script
Definition of the trains (which can be a real train or a vehicle!) : in Sofiload or ELLA
Definition of the load corresponding to Truck
TRAI USER : definition by the user of all the parameters as follow :

PHI : impact factor (definition in TRAI, use or not in TRBL or TRPL)
PHI : for bending moments
PHIS : for shear
PFAC : factor for favourable case = 0.0
B : width for surface loading (multiply the load by the width)
DIR : by default trains run in both direction
In order to well control results, horizontal effects (wind, braking…) can

be separated from vertical effects of load….
Control in Report browser report

C. Convoy script
Definition of the trains (which can be a real train or a vehicle!)

Braking force :
 PB : put the corresponding charge
 HF : definition of the height of application
C. Convoy script
Wind force :
 PW : put the corresponding charge
 HW : definition of the height of influence of wind
 ZW : definition of the height of application
C. Convoy script
Centrifugal force :
 PF : put the corresponding charge
 HF : definition of the height of application
The bridge is straight ! => Pf =0 !

Caution :
- If the train is larger than the lane width, the load representing the train is cut-off !
- If a part of the lane is out-off the structure, the load is not considered (warning during
calculation “the load is not completely covered”)!
- Bw & Lw : no influence on calculation, the option is not available for the moment !
C. Convoy script
Control in Report Browser report
=> Exclusive way to visualize vehicles

modelisation!
C. Convoy script
Definition of the lanes : in Sofiload or ELLA
Definition of the principle axis
Axis.0 : principle sub-axis

cover all the others
Axis.11 : sub-axis of Axis.0

Axis.12 : “” “”
Etc …
L : length of application
C. Convoy script
Selection of the lanes and of efforts for calculation : in ELLA
Selection of the lane for applying loads

DZ : height of diffusion (no influence for beam elements)
1 force F BHW : distance of the wheels (better to define each wheel)
Mt = F * e YMAX : maximum eccentricity on the lane (transversally)
For beams YMIN : minimum eccentricity on the lane (transversally)
Choose the effort for analysis

C. Convoy script
Analysis : in ELLA Definition of the envelop (exclusive combination)
Definition of one case :

Train 1000 is placed on Axis.11 with :
- FACT : m factor of 1.2
- YEX : eccentricity of the train in the lane
- P : residual loading
- SYNC : synchronisation or not of the train on the lane
- GRP : choose the load group for Eurocode analysis
- OPT : option for direction of loading
- SMIN : beguining of application
- SMAX : end of application
Representation of the influence lines in the Ursula report
It is strongly recommended to define one lane for each load !

C. Convoy script
Analysis : in ELLA
E. Combinations
Combinations for Convoy LL Combination of the convoy study in order to find the
maximum effect on beam :
- COMB :
- STAN : standard combination
- TYPE : no associated to a type to be free in
loadcases combination
- LC :
- 1101 … : envelop number previously calculated
- Exclu : defined on exclusive way because one
case is possible at the same time
- SUPP:
- EXTR : mami : max & min
- ETYP : beam : on the beam
- TYPE : MY : flexure study
Do the same for shear, torsion ….
To find the most unfavourable between Truck and Tandem
Should be in another Maxima because previous calculation

shall be registered in memories
E. Combinations
Combinations with other actions
Combination with other actions :

- COMB :
- EXPL : explicit combination
- TYPE : no associated to a type to be free in loadcases
combination
- ADD :
- Results from CSM for DL, SIDL, Prestressing and C&SH
- LC :
- 2500 … : envelop number previously calculated for LL
- Excl : defined on exclusive way because one case is
possible at the same time max and min …
- SUPP:
- EXTR : mami : max & min
- ETYP : beam : on the beam
- TYPE : MY : flexure study
Do the same for shear, torsion ….
F. Convoy LL script Vz
Script modification for shear

Only modification : Choose the effort for
analysis in Convoy LL script !

analysis in Combination for convoy LL!

analysis in Combination with other actions!
Caution : convoy modelisation should be modified for shear analysis (spacing

of convoy, etc… ) for shear analysis in order to have maximum effects!
G. Convoy LL script Mt
Script modification for torsion

analysis in Convoy LL script !

analysis in Combination for convoy LL!

analysis in Combination with other actions!
Caution : convoy modelisation should be modified for torsion analysis (spacing

of convoy, etc… ) for torsion analysis in order to have maximum effects!
Create the Live loads analyzis


144
8.
AQB - Maxima
SOFISTIK –AQB – Maxima
Stresses and Forces
2 different modules for combinations and results:

 AQB / BEMESS
 Internal stresses for beam / quad
 MAXIMA
 External forces
If there are prestressing cables in the section, under creep&shrinkage effects, a

state of equilibrium is established in the section. But this variation of stresses
(Δσ) does not create external forces. So this WILL NOT be taken into account in
MAXIMA and AQB is required.
Load cases LC6xxx are automatically created by SOFiSTiK when the phasage is
running. These load cases that are internal forces do not create external
moment and are therefore not considered in MAXIMA.

146
Stresses and Forces
Example with DL + CR/SH only :

147
Stresses and Forces
Calculation process for non prestressed structures, without

CR/SH:
1. MAXIMA at SLS and ULS stage :

 Definition of combination to have external forces applied on the section.
 Extraction of results in elements
2. Verification of the sections without Sofistik

 Oasys or Excel sheet for example

148
Stresses and Forces
Calculation process for prestressed structures, with CR/SH (without Sofistik

for reinforcement calculation):
1. AQB at SLS stage :
 Definition of combinations in SLS
 Check of stresses in sections
2. AQB at ULS stage :

 Definition of combination to have forces applied on the section.
 Verification of the sections without Sofistik (Oasys or Excel sheet for example)
3. MAXIMA at ULS stage :

 Definition of combination to have external forces applied on the section.
 Verification of the sections without Sofistik (Oasys or Excel sheet for example)

149
Stresses and Forces
Calculation process for prestressed structures, with CR/SH (with

Sofistik for reinforcement calculation):
1. AQB at ULS stage :
 Definition of combinations in ULS
 Check of the section capacity and Calculation of the required steel section
2. Update of the steel section in the cross-sections

 This update shall be managed by script to optimize the process
3. AQB at SLS stage :;

 Definition of combinations in SLS
 Check of the stresses in sections
 Check of stresses in reinforcement rebars and concrete
4. MAXIMA at ULS stage :

 Definition of combinations in ULS
 Check of external forces applied on the section

150
Stresses and Forces
+MAXIMA :
Each combination includes:

o Required actions;
o Type of sum (MAX, MAMI…);
o Type of wanted forces (N, Vz, My…);
o Associated numbers for storage of load cases.
The results are grouped according to the concomitants.

151
Stresses and Forces
+MAXIMA :
Writing of combinations:
Moments are only external moments.

Prestressing internal effects and
creep & shrinkage effects due to
prestressing effects are not included.

152
Stresses and Forces
+MAXIMA :
To select a loadcase in an action, and not combined all the loadcases !

153
Stresses and Forces
+ MAXIMA :
Writing of combinations envelope:
In case of need, combinations can be combined in an envelope.
The concomitants are preserved when creating envelopes.

154
Stresses and Forces
+ MAXIMA :
Verification of results (SSD2012) :
o In Ursula
Results by type of actions : LC * Factor
LC number LC & Factor

taken into
account for
Factor applied
combination
Results for combination
Verification is essential, overall for coefficients applied and combinations

rules according to ACTIONS !

155
Stresses and Forces
+ MAXIMA :
Verification of results (SSD2014) :
o In Report Browser
Unit results by LC
Results by type of actions :

sum LC * Factor
LC & Factor
LC number taken into
Factor applied account for
combination
Results for combination
Verification is essential, overall for coefficients applied and combinations

rules according to ACTIONS !

156
Stresses and Forces
+ MAXIMA :
Verification of results:
o In Wingraph

157
Stresses and Forces
+ MAXIMA :
Verification of results:
o In Results viewer (Graphix)

158
Stresses and Forces
+AQB :
Effects due to various construction sequences of described in the construction

stage are combined with external loads according to applicable standard to
obtain the stress state.
In AQB, combinations are done by combining ACTIONS or loadcases.

159
Stresses and Forces
+AQB :
Each combination includes:

 Required actions;
 Type of sum (MAX, MAMI…);
 Type of wanted forces (N, Vz, My…);
 Associated numbers for storage of load cases.
The results are grouped according to the concomitants.

160
Stresses and Forces
+AQB ULS :

161
Stresses and Forces
+AQB – SLS Stage :

Page
162
Stresses and Forces
Change according to needs !
STRE K : Obtain stresses (and forces) in section : can be used for SLS or ULS
DESI ulti : Checking of section capacity + required steel section in ULS
DESI serv : Checking of section stresses + required steel section in SLS
NSTR KSV SL KSB SL : Checking of section stresses with non-linear stresses and strains

163
Stresses and Forces
+AQB – SLS Stage (STRE K):

Verification :
o In Wingraph

164
Stresses and Forces

Verification :
o In Graphix

165
Stresses and Forces

Verification :
o In Graphix

166
Stresses and Forces
RSET function:
RSET : to have concomitancy in results for different elements (no concomitancy without
this command)
Will be very useful for bearings (concomitances for the 3 directions), or group of piles :

167
SOFISTIK – AQB - Maxima
Application
Create a maxima Teddy
Visualise results in Graphix, Wingraph
Verify combinations in Report browser
Create a AQB Teddy
Visualise results in Graphix, Wingraph
Verify in in Report browser

168
9.
Earthquake
Theoretical Part
Generalities
Seismic sollicitations on bridges…

Theoretical Part
Generalities :
Three methods to realize seismic calculations :
Modal - Spectral analysis (developed in this ppt)
 With a spectrum …
 Easy to realize
 Linear method
Pushover analysis (Level 2 training)

 With spectrum
 Complex method taking into account damages Push Over - Détermination du point de fonctionnement
18
 Non linear method 16
14
12
Time history analysis (under development) 10
8
F
S1
S2
S3
 With accelerogram
6
 Complex method taking into account damages

2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
 Non linear method

Theoretical Part
Spectral analysis on 1 DDL system (without rotations considered)

Spectrum:
EC8-1 §3.2, spectrum type 1
Depending of :
 Soil acceleration For calculation, it is advised to
enlarge horizontal part until T=0
 Importance factor
 Modal damping
 Soil class
 Normative parameters
0. Preliminary recommendations
Modelisation of structure (soil, masses, stiffnesses, springs…)

Considered inertia :
Eurocode :
 q > 1,5 cracked inertia
 q < 1,5 uncracked inertia
AASHTO :
 cracked or uncracked inertia
Caution for response modification factor :

Eurocode : included in spectrum
AASHTO : applied on forces
Caution in modelization :
Sofistik uses the position of definition of the bar to calculate seismic loads. As a
consequence, if deck is defined at top of section, an unrealistic moment of torsion is
created in the system  be careful in geometry in case of seismic calculations !
A. Earthquake wizard
Model : Exemple1
Augmented until having 90% of total

mass
Eventually modification of structure
stiffness
Advised method for calculation
Parameters for calculation :

no need to modified for
“classic calculation”
Advised damping for classic structure

Concrete : 5%
Prestressed concrete : 2%
Steel : 2%
…
Specific structure: use Rayleigh
damping
Parameters for calculation :

no need to modified for
“classic calculation”
Convert load cases (SIDL + LL +

additional DL) into masses with
direction
LL : put a coefficient according to
codes recommendations!
Lumped masses: if necessary for

additional masses and rotational
masses !
Advised to use complete matrix of

mass (to take into account
rotational effects (massic inertia)
and to have complete calculation)
Caution!
Do not take into account twice DL mass in converting load cases (DL automatically considered)
With beams models, add rotational masses to take into account eccentricity
Rotational masses : (massic inertia)

DL : automatic done by Sofistik
 RMX, RMY, RMZ (diagonal terms) : always calculated in gravity center what ever the position of beam
axis
RMX = (Iy+Iz) * ρconcrete * Lspan
RMY = 1/12* Mass * Lspan²
 RMX, RMY, RMZ (non diagonal terms) : mass shall be translated

Mass * distance²
SIDL or other loads : to add
 Always calculate additional rotation terms
Mass * distance²
All loads : to add
 effects due to distance between shear center and gravity center
Activation of useful group on finally

structure
Define parameters of
spectrum according to codes
It is advised to enlarge
horizontal part until T=0
TE = 0 : no cut-off time value

TE > 0 : cut-off time value
Advised to use CQCi combination

For putting a sign on results
i : number of the dominant mode for
the considered direction
Choose the LC numbers to not

have conflict with other results !
Sign of results in CQC combination :

Results are always positives!
 Earthquake shall be introduced as an alternative load
 Use CQCi to introduce sign in combination!
N for Eigenvalue LC N for CQC LC N for CQC1 LC N for SRSS1 LC
CQCi works only with STYP 2!

 let’s go to application !
Create an earthquake wizard :
Number of eigenvalues : 30
Damping : 5%
Masses : DL + SIDL +a LL, here a=0
Spectrum :
 same in all directions
 Soil A
 SA = 2.5, SB = 2.5,
Smin=0
 TB = 0.15, TC=0.40, TD=2.00, TE=0.0
 Acceleration = 1m/s², factor horizontal = 1.0, factor vertical = 0.9
B. Earthquake scripts – typical script
Definition of spectrums
Choose of activated groups
Definition of spectrums
AG : rock acceleration
AH : horizontal factor
AV : vertical factor
Calculation of eigenvalues => Modal calculation
Definition of activated masses (0 : delete all masses, -3 : SIDL, DL

: considered by default !; Rotational masses!
Complete mass matrix
Number of eigenvalues
Calculation of forces in X direction => Spectral calculation
CQC combinations
Eigenvalues and modal damping
Activation of spectrums
Results
C. Output – verifications
Verification of masses with

Ursula
Verification of masses with Report

Verification of frequences with Report
Manual calculated masses= (DL)+(SIDL)
 Ok
Manual calculated rotational inertia masses

 RMXdiag RMYdiag
 RMZdiag=RMYdiag
 Ok!
 RMYnodiag
Manual calculated period :

 Ok
% Masses ~ 90% Total mass

It is advised to enlarge horizontal part until

T=0
For all directions correspondence

with Project spectrums.
D. Combinations of directions –Automatic definition, no R factor
EXTR BEAM : to have maximum

forces for each diagonal term of the
matrix
EXPL: Explicit combination (with

Newmark coefficients)
SUPP: combinations
EXTR : mami : max & min
ETYP : for beams
TYPE : for MY force
LC : save in LC 9119
D. Combinations of directions –Manual definition, with or without R
factor
STAN Standard combination (without

safety factor and combination
coefficients)
TYPE E : for earthquake
TYPE A1 : Alternative load case

group A1, exclusive within one
action
TYPE F : follow up LC is added to
previous LC, however only, if the
main LC is considered during
superposition
SUPP: combinations
EXTR : mami : max & min
ETYP : for beams
TYPE : for MY force
LC : save in LC 9119
D. Combinations of directions – other example, diagonalization of CQC,
with or without R factor
Dyna in 840X, 850X,

860X
Diagonalization of the
CQC matrix
SFAC 0 : factor for

internal moment
R factor included only

on Moment
D. Combinations of directions – other example, diagonalization of CQC
Diagonalization in
849X, 859X, 869X
Maximum forces put

together with COMB
SUM
D. Combinations of directions – other example, diagonalization of CQC
Max of dyna forces in

8498, 8598, 8698
Max of dyna forces in
opposite direction
8499, 8599, 8699
Combinations of
directions with +-/1 +/-
0.3 +/- 0.3
D. Combinations of directions
Superposition Description
Always (permanent) selection of the safety factor action−wise (via the sum of the load cases). The same safety factor is used for all
PERM
load cases of a permanent action (e.g. ACT G)
Always (permanent), with variable factors. The safety factors are considered load−case−wisely. Here one load case of the
PERC
permanent action can get GAMU and another GAMF (gamma unfavorable and favorable).
COND Conditional (only if unfavorable)
Mutually exclusive but conditional (=”either – or”, only within the categories).
EXCL
An unfavorable load case from X_1 and an unfavorable load case from X_2 are used.
Mutually exclusive but conditional inclusive categories (only within an action)

Excludes only categories against each other within an action (no exclusion of different actions). If for example the categories X_1
EXEX and X_2 of the action
X are defined with SUP EXEX, then only the most unfavorable load case is used either from X_1 or from X_2 and also only, if it has
an unfavorable contribution.
UNSI Conditional with unfavorable sign

USEX Exclusive with unfavorable sign
Always but exclusive (only within an action).

Defines a permanent alternative group. Only the load cases of an action or all load cases of the categories of an action are used for
ALEX
the formation of the permanent alternative group. Here only a load case is considered for the superposition, also if it has favorable
contribution. Load cases of different actions do not exclude themselves mutually.
Caution!
In Sofiload “Actions”, Earthquake action shall be defined as USEX or ALEX action !
D. Combinations of actions
L 9119 : Seismic load MY

from direction combination
ADD TYPE E fact 1,0
Always check all combinations in Sofistik!

Caution with N sign in combination!
E. Earthquake scripts
 let’s go to Application 8 !

6.
Questions
systra.com

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September 2016

SOFiSTiK TRAINING SSD 2014

SOFiSTiK is a finite element structural

Divided into « tasks » and modules.

Page 3 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

For each module: a licence is associated

Generally 1 calculation licence for 5 basic licences

Page 4 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Operation of the software:

Page 5 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page 6 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 - Beginners

Linear and non-linear analysis

Design of beams and slabs

Page 7 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Pushover analysis (non linear)

Time-history analysis (linear or non-linear)

Page 8 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Rolling stock analysis

Page 9 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Rail structure interaction

Page 10 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page 11 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page 12 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page 13 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Sofistik Site Network

Known Network - Answer

Sonar Licence Need new

Contact : - Contact A. Vivier Validation with :

Page 15 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Page 16 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

TUTORIAL FOR MODEL CREATION (OA) (SOFISTIK FOR DUMMIES)

1. General presentation of the software SOFiSTiK

2. Creation of the model

6. Construction stage manager

Page 18 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

General presentation of the software SOFiSTiK

SOFiSTiK is a finite element structural calculation software.

tasks to visualize results :

modules to conduct calculation:

Page 20 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

When the database is corrupted :

Page 21 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

The following limits cannot be exceeded in principle :

Number of nodes : 9 999 999

 Most of the time, limit is calculation time …

Page 22 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Creation of the model (Sofimshc)

After creating a project in SOFiSTiK,

 Type of modelling (2D, 3D)

 Units (SI, US, default units)

 Language (for input and outputs)

Page 24 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Definition of materials and sections (in SSD or

Page 25 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Creation of structural elements through SOFiPLUS

Page 26 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Creation of structural elements through SOFiPLUS

Drawing of the structure through AutoCAD in 3D (lines, shapes,…)

Definition of structural elements SOFiSTiK:

Page 27 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)

Creation of prestressing through SOFiPLUS graphical

Drawing of the structure through AutoCAD in 3D (lines, shapes,…)

Definition of prestressing elements SOFiSTiK

Page 28 SOFiSTiK Training – Level 1 – Beginners (OA)