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OF RUMINANTS
FEED ENERGY SYSTEMS
• Total digestible nutrients (TDN)
– Traditional system to express digestible energy
concentration of feedstuffs
– Basis of TDN are physiological fuel values
Nutrient Heat of Heat of Nutrient Physiological
combustion, combustion absorption, % fuel value,
kcal/gm of metabolic kcal/gm
products,
kcal/gm
Gross Energy
+ Lactation (64%)
Energy balance
-
Maintenance (60 – 70%)
Energy intake
Implications of differences in efficiency
of energy use for different functions
• When calculating energy needs
– Mature dairy cattle can use one value to express the needs
for maintenance and lactation (NEl)
– Growing cattle must use separate values to express the
needs for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg)
Energy requirements
• Maintenance
– % of total energy requirement
• 25 – 70% in dairy cattle
• 70% in beef cattle
– Components
• Basal metabolic rate
• Activity
• Body temperature regulation
• Pregnancy
• Growth
• Lactation
CALCULATION OF THE MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS FOR NET ENERGY
FOR BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE
• Beef cattle
– NEm = 0.077EBW.75
• Dairy cattle
– NEl for maintenance = 0.080BW.75
MAINTENANCE MODIFIERS
(All except lactation apply across sexes)
• Breed
Maintenance
Breed Kcal ME/BW.75 Mcal/d % of total
annual ME
Angus x 130 14 73
Hereford
Charolais x 129 15 73
Jersey x 145 14.2 71
Simmental x 160 17.9 75
– Implications
• Maintenance requirements of breeds with high milk potential
are 20% higher than those with low milk potential
– Maintenance requirements of Bos indicus breeds are 10% lower than
Bos taurus
• Maintenance represents 70% of total annual ME requirement
of beef cows
– Match cow breeds to feed resources
RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL
EFFICIENCY AND FEED AVAILABILITY
Maximum DMI at Max DMI, kg/yr
___Breed__ efficiency efficiency 3500 7500
gm calf kg/yr gm calf
weaned/kg DMI/ weaned/kg DMI/
cow exposed cow exposed
Red Poll 47.1 3790 47 24
Angus 41.3 4111 39 17
Hereford 35.1 4281 30 13
Pinzgauer 46.9 5473 38 44
Gelvieh 44.5 5475 29 36
Braunvieh 39.4 7031 33 42
Limousin 39.4 7498 33 42
Simmental 41.5 8609 26 42
• Effects of feed availability on biological efficiency
– Rebreeding rates
– Weaning weights
• Reasons for difference in energy requirements
between breeds
– Difference in energy expenditure of visceral organs
– Implications
• Can have compensatory gain in growing cattle or reduce
feed requirements of beef cows by restricting nutrition
• Activity allowance (Beef)
– Variation
• 10-20% increase in NEm reqt. for good pasture
• 50% increase in NEm reqt on poor hilly pasture.
– Nemact = [(.006 x DMI x (.9 – TDN)) + (.05T/(GF + 3))]
x w/4.184
Where DMI is in kg/d
TDN is a decimal
T is terrain (1=flat, 1.5=undulating, 2=hilly)
GF is green forage available in metric ton/ha
• Activity allowance (Dairy)
– Walking
• Adjustment = .00045 Mcal Nei/kg BW/horizontal km
– Eating
• Adjustment = .0012 Mcal Nei/kg BW
• Assumes 60% of diet is pasture
– Walking
• Adjustment = .006 Mcal Nei/kg BW
• Assumes a hilly pasture is one in which cattle move 200
m of vertical distance/day
– Example
% increase in maintenance
Flat, close to parlor, Hilly, far from parlor,
good pasture good pasture
Horizontal movement 2.8 11.4
Eating 7.6 7.6
Terrain - 37.9
Total 10.4 56.9
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
• Previous temperature
– Adjustment
• NEm = (.0007 x (20-Tempprevious) + 0.077) Mcal/BW.75
Body temperature regulation
High
Heat
Production Normal LCT (Cattle)
Fasted 18-20C
LCT Fed 7C
UCT
HI
LCT
Low UCT
Activity
LCT
UCT
EI= 11.617
II=5.25+(.75XCS) 9
Total insulation= 20.617
EI= 2.3234
II=5.25+(.75XCS) 9
Total insulation= 11.3234
– Dairy
• NEl, Mcal/d = [(.00318 x t -.0352) x (birth wt/45)]/.218
Bodyweight gain
• Less efficient than maintenance
• Calculations
– NEg intake, Mcal/day *= DMI, kg x NEg conc., Mcal/kg
• *After maintenance requirement is met
– Shrunk BW, kg = SBW = .96 x Full BW
– Standard reference BW = SRW (base = medium-frame
steer)
• 478 kg for small marbling
• 462 kg for slight marbling
• 435 kg for trace marbling
– Equivalent shrunk BW, kg =SBW x SRW/Final SBW
– EBW = .891 x EqSBW
– EBWG = .956 x SBWG
– Retained energy, Mcal/day = .0635 x EBW.75 x EBWG1.097
• Equals NEg intake if known in predicting gain
– SBWG, kg = 13.91 x RE.9116 x EqSBW-o.6837
• Adjustments for FSBW
• Reduce FSBW by 35 kg if no implant used
• Increase FSBW by 35 kg in Trenbolone acetate is used
with an estrogen implant
• Increase FSBW by 35 kg if extended periods of slow
rates of grain
• Reduce FSBW by 35 kg if fed high energy from weaning
to finish
Example
Predict the rate of gain of a 700 lb (318 kg) Angus steer
(BCS = 5) fed 1.5 kg corn silage, 5 kg corn grain, and 1
kg soybean meal (DM basis) that will finish at 1250 lb
(568 kg) at small marbling with no environmental stress.
• Step 1. Calculate NEm and NEg concentrations
of diet
Nem Neg
Feed DMI, kg Mcal/kg Mcal/day Mcal/kg Mcal/day
Corn silage 1.5 x 1.69 2.535 x 1.08 1.62
Corn 5x 2.24 11.2 x 1.55 7.75
SBM 1x 2.06 2.06 x 1.4 1.4
7.5 15.795 10.77
Nem, Mcal/kg = 15.80/7.5 = 2.106
Neg, Mcal/kg = 10.77/7.5= 1.436
.9116 -.6837
SBWG= 13.91 x NEgI. x EqSBW
NEgI EqSBW
6.816269 267.6127 1.75187 kg/day
Lactation
(Dairy)
• Equal efficiency to maintenance
• NEl reqt for lactation, Mcal/day = kg milk/day x
(.0929 x % milk fat) + (.0547 x % milk protein/.93) +
(.0395 x % lactose)
– Simply add to NEl needed for maintenance
• Energy from body tissue loss (5-point BCS scale)
Body condition score Mcal NEl/kg BW loss
2 3.83
2.5 4.29
3 4.68
3.5 5.10
4 5.57
Example
How much milk with a composition of 3.5% fat, 3.3%
protein, and 5% lactose should a 1450 lb (659 kg)
Holstein cow produce if she is consuming a diet
containing 2 kg alfalfa hay, 5 kg alfalfa haylage, 5 kg
corn silage, 10 kg corn grain, and 2 kg soybean meal
(DM basis)?
• Step 1. Calculate the NEl intake
.75
Maintenance reqt, Mcal = .08 x BW
BW Maintenance reqt
659 10.40529 Mcal
Nel remaining for milk production = Total Nel - Nel for maintenance
Total NEL Maint Nel Nel for milk
41.23 10.40529 30.82471 Mcal
• Step 3. Calculate energy concentration in
milk
• Step 4. Calculate milk production
Energy requirment for milk, Mcal/kg = (.0929 x Milk fat) + (.0547 x milk protein/.93) + (.0395 x lactose)
Milk fat Milk proteinLactose Nel reqt.
3.5 3.3 5 0.716747 Mcal/kg milk
• Systems
– 9-point visual system (NRC/Oklahoma)
– 9-point palpation system (Tennessee)
– 5-point visual system (Purdue)
• Limitations
– All systems are subjective
– Different systems make it difficult to standardize relative to
nutrient requirements
• Advantages
– Don’t require weighing of cows
– Less confounded by pregnancy than body weights
– Related to body weight
• Relationship with BW change
– Purdue 1 BCS unit change = 68 kg (5-point system)
– NRC 1 BCS unit change = 50 kg (9-point system)
• Relationship varies with age
– Mature cows 1 BCS unit change = 34 kg (9-point system)
– Primiparous heifers 1 BCS unit change = 68 kg (9 point system)
• Relationship of body condition score to body composition
Component BCS Change/BCS (5-point) BCS + BW
r r
Carcass lipid .63 .70
Carcass protein .36 .59
Empty body lipid .48 5.5-66% units .74
Empty body protein .26 .2-1% units .47
Hot carcass weight .95
Backfat .075-.29 cm .62
• Relationship of BCS from different systems to body lipid
BCS System
9-pt 5-pt NRC, 9-pt. Texas, 9-pt. Purdue, 5-pt
Empty body lipid, %
1 1 3.77 0 3.1
2 7.54 4
3 2 11.30 8 8.7
4 15.07 12
5 3 18.89 16 14.9
6 22.61 20
7 4 26.38 24 21.5
8 30.15 28
9 5 33.91 32 27.2
• Relationship of body condition score to reproduction
– Body condition score at calving is the primary factor related to
reestablishment of cyclic activity in beef cows
• Cows that calve at BCS > 5 (9-point system) will exhibit estrus
regardless of post-partum nutrition regime
• Feeding extra energy post-partum to cows that calve at BCS < 4 will
increase the percentage of cows exhibiting estrus in a finite
breeding season
Richards (1986)
Days to first estrus Days to conception 1st service conception
Post-partum Calving BCS
nutrition <4 >5 <4 >5 <4 >5
High (+.45kg/d) 60 51 91 84 67 59
Mod. ( 0 kg/d) 60 46 91 85 65 67
Low (-.68 kg/d) 56 50 88 82 54 70
L/H (5 kg corn/d 67 49 91 87 75 70
14-d before
and through
breeding)
BODY CONDITION SCORE EFFECTS ON
ENERGY RESERVES
• Energy in body condition
Body condition score (5-point system) Mcal/kg BW change
1 2.57
2 3.82
3 5.06
4 6.32
5 7.57
– The reason for this difference is that weight change at
condition score 1 is 17% fat, but is 77% fat at condition score 5
– Implications
• It takes more energy to increase condition score at a higher condition
score than a lower condition score
• Loss of body condition at a high body condition provides more energy
than loss of body condition at a low body condition score
• Calculation of energy from body reserves
– Body composition from BCS
• Proportion of empty body fat = AF = .037683CS
• Proportion of empty body protein = AP = .200886 - .0066762CS
• Proportion of empty body water = AW = .766637 - .034506CS
• Proportion of empty body ash = AA = .078982 - .00438CS
• Empty body weight, kg = EBW = .851SBW
• Total ash, kg = TA = AA x EBW
– Calculation of total fat and protein reserves
• AA1 = .074602
• AF1 = .037683
• AP1 = .194208
• EBW1, kg = TA/ AA1
• Total fat, kg = TF = AF x EBW
• Total protein, kg = TP = AP x EBW
• Total fat1, kg = TF1 = EBW1 x AF1
• Total protein1, kg = TP1 = EBW1 x AP1
– Calculation of mobilizable energy
• Mobilizable fat = FM = TF - TF1
• Mobilizable protein = PM = TP – TP1
• Energy reserves, Mcal = ER = 9.4FM + 5.7PM
– During mobilization
• 1 Mcal ER substitutes for .8 Mcal of NEm
– During repletion
• 1 Mcal NEm will provide 1 Mcal ER
Example 1
• If a beef cow with a shrunk BW of 485 kg at a BCS 4 has a NEm requirement of 10.46 Mcal/day
is consuming alfalfa hay with a NEm conc of 1.43 Mcal/day at 10.9 kg/d, how long will it take for
this cow to increase to a condition score of 5?
• NEm requirement, Mcal/day = 10.46
• NEm fed, Mcal/day =1.43 x 10.9 = 15.59
• NEm excess or deficient, Mcal/day = fed-reqt = 5.13