GIS,APPLICATIONS AND PLANNING OF

GIS BASED DATABASE

PREPARED BY :- Ankit Shah,

Nikunj Dave
GUIDED BY :- Dr A K. Singh Sir
 INTRODUCTION :-
• “ A form of information system that is applied to
geographical data.”
• “ A set of process to produce information.”
• A GIS can generate two- or three-dimensional images.
• GIS Databases consists of set of information called
Layers.
• Each layer presents a particular type of geographical
data, Example:-area, elevation etc.
• GIS converts all geographical data into a digital code,
which it arranges in its database. Operators program the
GIS to process the information and produce the images
or information they need.
 WHAT IS GIS………?
• “AN AUTOMATED TOOL USEFUL TO CAPTURE, STORAGE,
RETRIEVAL AND MANIPULA T10N, DISPLA Y AND QUERYING
OF BOTH SPATIAL AND, NON-SPATIAL DATA TO GENERATE
VARIOUS PLANNING SCENARIOS FOR DECISION MAKING".
ENVIRONMENT IN GIS –
• A Hardware (the machinery including a host computer)
• A Digitizer or Scanner for converting the input data
• A Plotter for processed outputs
• The video displaying unit for commanding the system by a
user.
• The Software (programs that tell computer what to do?)
• The Data ( Figure)
 The major components of GIS are :-

• The end use or management

• Data acquisitions
• Data input
• Data storage and retrieval
• Data analysis
• Information presentation
 APPLICATIONS :-
By using a GIS :-
• Scientists can research changes in the environment.
• Engineers can design road systems.
• Electrical companies can manage their complex
networks of power lines.
• Governments can track the uses of land.
• Fire and Police departments can plan emergency routes.
• Many private businesses have begun to use a GIS to
plan and improve their services
 THE VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES THAT CAN BE
STORED IN GIS DATA BASES ARE:-
• Agriculture  crop statistics, management, system analysis,
horticulture
• Forest forest area, type and density, biomass, grassland
• Environment impact analysis, wetlands, pollution abatement
• Coastal Mapping coastal land use, landforms, habitat, processes
management
• Marine Application potential fishing zone, forecast modeling,
primary productivity
• Urban Environment growth, developmental planning, route
analysis
• Land and Water Resources Development land and water
conservation and development, ground water targeting, snow melt
runoff, recharge
• Engineering Geology and Mineral Exploration  mineral targeting,
oil exploration, mapping
• Land Use/Cover mapping, development planning
 IN THE SIMPLIEST FORM WE CAN SAY THAT
GIS TECHNOLOGY’S ARE USED FOR :-
• Scientific investigations
• Resource management
• Asset management
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Development planning
• Cartography(art of drawing maps and charts)
• Route planning. For example, a GIS might allow
emergency planners to easily calculate
emergency response times in the event of a
natural disaster
• A GIS might be used to find wetlands that need
protection from pollution
 ARCHITECTURE OF GIS
DATABASE
There are few steps for the architecture of GIS Database
they are :-
• DATA CAPTURE
• DATA STORAGE
• DATA MANIPULATION
• DATA DISPLAY AND QUERYING
Now let us know this few points in brief :-
DATA CAPTURE :-
• Spatial data is captured in GIS environment either by
digitization process or scanning the map. Data can
also be captured by converting an ASCII formatted
file (GPS co-ordinates, ground survey co-ordinates
etc.) and by converting digital data from different
sources.
 DATA STORAGE:-
• The procedure used to convert the geographic variation into discrete
objects in GIS environment is called a data model. There are two
data models available to represent this variation in GIS. They are i)
Raster data model and ii) Vector data model.
RASTER DATA MODEL :-
• In raster data model, the map is divided into a regular grid of square
or rectangular cells which are individually coded. The conventional
sequence is row by row from the top left corner, each cell contains a
single value. Simple rosters are limited by the area it can represent
within the limitations of storage.
• The raster GIS is space filling since every location in the study area
corresponds to a cell in the raster. One set of cells and associated
values is a layer
• A more elegant structure in raster data model is the quad tree
structure.
• Among them, 1) Region quad tree and 2) Polygon Map (PM) quad
tree structures are famous.
 VECTOR OR OBJECT
DATAMODEL:-
• : The vector model uses discrete line segments
or points to identify locations. Discrete objects
(boundaries, streams, cities) are formed by
connecting line' segments. Vector objects do not
necessarily fill space, not all locations in space
need to be referenced in the model
• The fundamental primitive is a point and is
represented using an x, y (Cartesian) coordinate
system. Each point is recorded as a single
location. Lines are recorded as a series of x, y
coordinates. Areas are defined by sets of lines.
RASTER DATA VECTOR
MODEL DATA
MODEL
 DATA MANIPULATION
• GIS allow a variety of manipulations such as map
measurement; map overlay analysis, transformation from
one co-ordinate projection to another co-ordinate
projection, graphic design and data base manipulationS
• In addition to this graphic and non-graphic data can be
merged and manipulated simultaneously in a related
manner.
• Rapid and analytical testing of conceptual models about
geographic area can be carried out in less time. Certain
analysis viz. Digital terrain model, slope aspect, sun
intensity analysis etc., could not be possible to perform
using manual methods.
• Moreover integration of thematic maps on different
scales/ projec­tions/formats and tabular information is
very difficult, if not, impossible through manual
techniques.
 There are various techniques available for map sheet

manipulation in GIS environment

The techniques available under this

are
• scale change is used along with
map generalization tools in
conjunction with actual scale
modification,
• Distortion removal and is done
both using rubber sheeting
techniques and as well as linear
transformation and
• Co­ordinate rotation and
translation which involves
alteration of co-ordinate sets either
through rotation or shifting so as to
match correctly over lapping or set
of adjacent co-ordinates.
 DATA DISPLAY AND
QUERYING
• Both spatial and attribute data can be
displayed on the computer screen. It is
known that the geographic features are
stored as points, lines and polygons in GIS
they can be displayed as separate layers
or in combination with each other. The
displays can be sent to a hard copy output
device i.e. plotter or printer.
PLANNIG OF GIS BASED DATABASE

FACTORS INFLUENCING DATABASE :-

• The data requirments of the application
• Availability and format of existing data necessary to
support the application
• Update and maintenance procedures
• Size of database
• Hardware platform/configuration
• Numbers and sophistication of users
• Organisational structure of the users and
facility,schedule,budget and management support.
 The GIS database has to cater(provide services) to the
different needs of applications. In general a proper database
needs to ensyer the following:-

• A flexibility in the design to adapt the needs of different

users.
• A control and standardiser approach to data input and
updation.
• A system of validation checks to maintain the integrity
and consistency of the data elements.
• A level of security for minimising damage to the data.
• Minimising redundancy(unnecessary state) in data
storage.
 Design of GIS Database :-

The design of GIS database

will include three major
elements namely :-
1) CONCEPTIUAL DESIGN
2) LOGICAL DESIGN
3) PHYSICAL DESIGN
The figure below shows a
framework of the design
elements and their
relationship.Each stage is
inter-related to the next stage
of the design and impacts the
organisation in a major way.
 CONCLUSIONS :-
• A GIS is used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze and display
spatial data.
• There are many ways to get data into GIS
• Location and data are linked by a unique ID for each feature
• GIS data are stored in layers
• Two GIS data models
– Raster data model
– Vector data model
• Data can be represented in different co-ordinate systems, and they
must be correctly specified in order to overlay properly
• Spatial data are linked through database management system
(DBMS) which consists of data tables as row and columns
• The three elements of database design are:-
– Conceptual design
– Logical design
– Physical design
 REFERENCES:-
• Commercial Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS
(Tutorial volume)( February 16-18,1999)
• Tutorials on Remote Sensing And GIS organized by
Indian Society of Remote Sensing—Ahmedabad chapter
and Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad.
( February 16-18,1999)
• Class notes by Dr A K Singh(9/5/04)
• Internet sources :
• www.gisuser.com
• www.gislounge.com
• www.gisuser.com
• www.giscorps.org
• www.opengis.org
THANK YOU