Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
IDEALS
GERALDINE P. QUILLO
Theorem 3.2.7 Let R be a ring and I an ideal of R.
Then the additive quotient group R/I is a ring with
multiplication given by
( a + I )( b + I) = ab + I.
Proof:
By definition, Kerf ⊆ R. Also, f(OR) = OS
implies OR ∊ Kerf. Thus, Kerf ≠∅.
Let a, b ∊ Kerf. Then f(a) = OS and f(b) = OS .
Thus,
f(a-b) = f(a + (-b))
= f(a) + f(-b)
= OS + (-)f(b)
= OS + (-)OS
= OS
∴ a-b ∊ Kerf.
Also,
f(ab) = f(a) f(b) = f(r)OS = OS . Thus,
ab ∊ Kerf. Then f(a) = OS . Hence,
f(ra) = f(r)f(a)=f(r)OS=OS
f(ar) = f(a)f(r)=OS f(r)=OS
∴ ra , ar ∊Kerf
∴ Kerf is an ideal of R.
IDEAL TEST:
A subset I and R is an ideal of R iff:
1. I ≠∅
2. a-b ∊ I ∀a,b ∊ I
3. ra, ar ∊ I, ∀r ∊R, ∀a ∊ I.
If I is an ideal in R, then the map
Π: R →R/I given by r↦r+I is a canonical
epimorphism of rings with kernel I.
Proof:
Let I◁R. Then R/I is defined.
Consider
Π: R → R/I given by r ↦ r+I.
Recall Theorem 5.5. It shows and proved
the well definedness of Π.
Π is homo:
Let a,b ∊R. Then
Π(ab) = ab+I = (a+I)(b+I)
= Π(a) Π(b) by def. of Π
Π is onto:
Let r+I ∊ R/I. Then r∊R s.t.
Π(r) = r+I.
Therefore, Π is onto
∴ Π is an epimorphism.