Principles of Communications

Course Description
Bandwidth, filters, linear
modulation, angle modulation,
phase locked loop, pulse
modulation, multiplexing
techniques, noise analysis, radio
transmitters and receivers.
Number of Units for Lecture and Laboratory

3 units lecture and 1 unit laboratory

Prerequisite

Electronic Circuit Analysis and

Design and Advanced
Engineering Mathematics
Course Objectives
Upon completion of the course, the student
must be able to
1. Conceptualize and analyze a
communication system.
2. Design Communication Circuits and
Subsystem
Course Outline
1. Introduction to Communication
Systems
2. Noise
3. Amplitude Modulation
4. Single-Sideband Techniques
5. Frequency Modulation
6. Radio Receivers
7. Radiation and Propagation of
Waves
8. Pulse Modulation
9. Digital Modulation
10. Broadband Communication
System
Grade Requirements
• Quizzes
• Midterm and Final Exams
• Project
• Attendance
• Additional points from recitation/s and
board work/s
Passing 75%
Textbooks and References
• Electronic Communication Systems
Roy Blake
•Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems
Louis Frenzel
Modern electronic communication
Jeffrey S. Beasley, Gary M. Miller
Introduction
SOME RELEVANT PHYSICS – Why???
• In understanding the potentialities
and limitations of various modes of
communication technology. It
needs to establish a basic
framework of essential physical
concepts such as:
1. The nature of sound propagation
2. The nature of light propagation
3. Electricity flowing on/through wires
4. Electrical generation of magnetism and
vice versa
5. Mechanisms of optical and magnetic
storage
6. Electromagnetism: Electricity flowing
through space
7. The electromagnetic radiation
spectrum
SOME RELEVANT MATHEMATICS – Why???
• To quantify the performance of a
communication system and to
comprehend how it operates.
• It needs to understand how information
is measured and represented.
Such as:
• Statistical measures of information
• Analog to Digital conversion (vice
versa) representation of auditory
information
• Various possible representations of
visual information (Character/s
representations)
SOME SIGNAL PROCESSING – Why???
• In communication systems the
characteristics of information bearing
signals are repeatedly transformed or
processed (Signal Conversion).
• Understanding the necessity for these signal
transformation operations is at the very core
of understanding communication processes.
Signal Processing such as:
• Pre-computer era, analog signal
processing, modulation, filter and
demodulation
SOME RELEVANT PSYCHOPHYSICS – Why???
• A performance measure of many
communication systems is an assessment of
how well the system conveys human sensory
information. Thus, we turn to psychophysics
for guidance in assessing:

• Factors in auditory perception

• Factors in visual perception
SOME ELEMENTS OF
SYSTEM DESIGN/ANALYSIS – Why???
• Economic imperative of resource
sharing
• Architectures and organization of
complex systems
 Means of Communications
(Old times)
1. Torches and Lamps - Light Sources
2. Smoke - Light Blocking
3. Semaphore - Spatial Configurations
4. Signal Flags - Color and Shape Contrasts
5. Hooke's Visual Signals
6. Sonic (Auditory) Communication
 REFERENCE BOOKS

• Introduction to Wireless Systems, P. Mohana

Shankar, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002. ISBN
0-471-32167-2
• Signal Processing First, James H. McCellan, Ronald
W. Schafer and Mark A. Yoder, Pearson Education of
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003. ISBN 0-
13-090999-8
• DSP Processing First, James H. McCellan, Ronald W.
Schafer and Mark A. Yoder, Prentice Hall, Upper
Saddle River, NJ, 2003. ISBN 0-1324-3171-8
• An Introduction to Analog and Digital
Communications, Simon Haykin, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1989. ISBN 0-471-85978-8.
I. Human Communication
– Exchanging of information from one person to
another. To give and receive instruction.

Common Forms:
Writing
Speaking /Conversing
Sign Language
Body Language
Signaling/Codes
Theories of Communication
1. Shannon-Weaver theory
• Encoding
• Transmission
• Reception
• Interpretation
• Response
2. Roman Jakobson Theory
Context - Actual meaning

Message - Actual information

Sender
Receiver
Channel - Medium

Coder
II. Electronic Communication
– Process of sending or receiving of information
by using electronic devices
Telecommunication
“Tele” - In Greek, meaning “Far”
“Communicare” - In Latin, meaning “Discipline which study the methods of
transmitting information and how it is transmitted.”

Communication System
– Process of transmitting information from one point to another.

Information Transmitter Receiver Information

Channel
source (Tx) (Rx) Destination
Historical Background (Contributors)
– Hons Christian Oersted
• Discovered the relation between electricity and magnetism
– Andre Marie Ampere
• Electromagnetic Induction(observed) existence of magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor
– Michael Faraday
• Discovered Electromagnetic Induction
– John Henry
• Demonstrated telecommond
• Wire telegraphy was born
– Samuel F.B. Morse
• Successfully exploited Henry’s invention
– James Clerk Maxwell
• Excistence of electromagnetic wave
– Heinrich Hertz
• Radio waves
• Verifying Maxwell ‘s statement.
– Guglielmo Marconi
• Developed the first wireless telegraph
– Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
• Invented AM
– Major Edwin Armstrong
• Developed he first successful FM radio system
 History of Communication
• 1837 Telegram(5km) Samuel F.B. Morse
• 1844 Telegram Washington
• 1850 Submarine Telegram
• 1876 Telephone Alexander G. Bell
• 1878 Telephone Service (Boston U.S.)
• 1895 Wireless Telegraphy G.Marconi PAT.7777 1901
• 1899 Wireless Telegraphy The Strait of Dover
• 1901 Wireless Telegraphy The Atlantic Ocean
• 1912 CQD from Titanic “All Station , Distress!”
• 1922 BBC Radio (AM)
• 1925 Japan (Radio) 1953 (TV )
 History of Communication (2)
• 1953 TV
• 1960 Color TV
• 1960 Satellite Communication
• 1969 FM Radio
• 1969 ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects
Agency NETwork) U.S.
• 1979 Mobile Phone (1G)
• 1982 Internet TCP/IP
• 1993 Mobile Phone (2G)
• 1986 Broadcasting Satellite
• 2001 Mobile Phone (3G)
• 2003 Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting in Japan
Electromagnetic Spectrum
(plasma oscillation)
– Is the range of all possible frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation
• Gamma rays
• X rays
• Ultraviolet
• Visible Light
• Infrared
• Microwave
• Radio, TV
• Long waves
Radio Frequency Spectrum
E LF  3-30 Hz
S LF  30-300 Hz
U LF  300-3000 Hz
V LF  3-30 kHz
L F  30-300 kHz
M F  300-3000 kHz
H F  3-30 MHz
V HF  30-300 MHz
U HF  300-3000 MHz
S HF  3-30 GHz
E HF  30-300 GHz
III. Basic Quantities
1. Frequency
– Amount of cycle completed in a given period of time.
– Cycles per second (hertz)

2. Period
– Duration or time to complete one cycle (second)

3. Wavelength
– Horizontal distance of 1 cycle
λ = c/f = Vp/f
300000000 m/sec

4. Bandwidth
– Range of frequencies over which the operation of the system is satisfactory.
BW = f2-f1 = Q/fr
Where:
f2 – upper cut off frequency
f1 – lower cut off frequency
Q – quality factor (unit less)
fr – resonant frequency
IV. Transmission Modes
1. Simplex
– Transmission can occur only in one
direction
2. Half Duplex
– Transmission can occur in both
directions but not at the same time.
3. Full Duplex
– Transmission can occur in both
directions, at the same time.
 Transmission Style
• Simplex
A BTV, Radio, Pager etc

• Half-Duplex
String Phone,
A B Intercomm
Handy Talky
• Full-Duplex
A B Telephone
V. Multiplexing Technique

– Is a technique used in communication

for transmitting a number of separate
signals simultaneously over a single
channel or line
V. Multiplexing Technique
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
– Frequency being divided
– Analog
2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
– Wavelength being divided
– Fiber optics technology
3. Time Division Multiplexing
– Each communication channel is allotted a fixed
time slot within a sampling frame.
4. Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
VI. Transmission Facilities
– In terms of bandwidth and in contemporary
digital context, transmission facilities can be
categorized as follows:
 1. Narrowband
– Single channel (64 kbps)
2. Wideband
– Multi-channel capacity
– Us standards (1.433Mbps – 45 Mbps)
– ES (2.048 Mbps – 34 Mbps)
3. Broadband
– A.S. – up to 45Mbps
– E.S. – up to 34 Mbps
Allowable length of medium:
100m - UTP, STP
200m - Fiber optics
500m - Coaxial cable