Mobile phone subscribers worldwide approx. 1.

7 bn
1600
2009:
1400 >4 bn!

1200
Subscribers [million]

GSM total
1000 TDMA total
CDMA total
800 PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400

200

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year
 Development of mobile
telecommunication systems
FDMA

CT0/1
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA

EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC HSPA
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA

IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)
 4.1 GSM: Overview
• GSM
– formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982)
– now: Global System for Mobile Communication
– European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardization Institute)
– simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994, 1996)
by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2)
–  seamless roaming within Europe possible

• Today many providers all over the world use GSM

(219 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia,
America)
– more than 4.2 billion subscribers in more than 700 networks
– more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM
– over 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008, (> 10% of the revenues for many
operators) [be aware: these are only rough numbers…]
 4.1 Details of GSM
– The Primary Goal of GSM was to provide a mobile phone that allows users to roam
throughout europe and provide voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN
systems.

– GSM is a typical second generation system replacing first generation analog systems

– GSM initally been deployed in Europe using 890-915 Mhz for uplinks and 935-960
Mhz for Downlinks presently named as GSM 900

– GSM at 1800 Mhz also called as DCS

– GSM at 1900 Mhz also called as PCS-Personal Communications Service

– GSM 400 is a proposal to deploy GSM at 450.4-457.6 Mhz for uplinks and 460.4-
467.6 Mhz for downlinks
 4.1 Details of GSM - R
• GSM system introduced in European countries GSM-Rail(GSM-
R,2002)

• This system does not only use separate frequencies but offers many
additional services

• GSM-R offers 19 exclusive channels for rail road operators for voice
and data traffic.

• Special features which include emergency calls with

acknowledgements, voice group call service (VGCS),Voice broadcast
service (VBS).These advanced speech call items available in trunked
radio systems.

• GSM-R is the control of trains,switches,gates and signals

GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication )
Services,
System Architecture,
Radio Interfaces,
Protocols,
Localization and Calling, Handover,
Security,
New Data Services,
GPRS.
•
GSM: Mobile Services
GSM permits the integration of different voice and data
services as well as internetworking with existing networks
• several types of connections
– voice connections, data connections, short message service
– multi-service options (combination of basic services)
• Three different categories of services:
– Bearer Services
– Tele Services
– Supplementary Services
Bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)

Tele services
 4.1.1.1 Bearer Services
• Telecommunication services allow transmission of data between the
interfaces to the network

• Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)

• Bearer services are connection-oriented and circuit or packet switched.

• These services need the lower three layers of the OSI reference model.

• Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)

– data service (circuit switched)
• synchronous: 1.2,2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
• asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
– data service (packet switched)
• synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
• asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
 4.1.1.1 Bearer Services
• GSM specifies different mechanisms for data transmission, the
original GSM allowing for data rates of up to 9600 bits for non-voice
services.

• Bearer services permit Transparent and Non-Transparent,

synchronous or asynchronous data transmission.

• Considering data transmission quality can be achieved with FEC

which coded redundancy into the data stream and helps to
reconstruct the original data in case of transmission errors.

• Transparent Bearer Services do not try to recover lost data in case

of interruptions.
 4.1.1.1 Bearer Services
• Non–Transparent bearer services use protocol of
layers two and three to implement error
correction and flow control.

• Such as RLP – Radio Link Protocol, HDLC and

Selective reject mechanisms.

• GSM specifies several bearer services for

internetworking with PSTN,ISDN and packet
switched public data networks like X.25
 4.1.1.2 Tele Services
• GSM mainly focus on voice-oriented tele services.

• These comprise encrypted voice transmission, message services and basic data
communications with terminals as known from the PSTN or ISDN.

• GSM main service is Telephony with high quality digital voice communication via
mobile phones with bandwidth of 3.1 Khz of analog phone systems.

• Offered services
– Mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth
of 3.1 kHz

– Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of
charge; connection with the highest priority.
- Multi numbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
 Tele Services II
Short Message Service (SMS)
Which offers alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal
(160 characters) using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous
use of basic services and SMS.
Enhanced Message Service (EMS)
Which offers a larger message size 760 characters, concatenating several
SMS, formatted text and transmission of animated pictures, small images
and ring tones.
Mutlimedia Message Service (MMS)
Which offers transmission of larger pictures (GIF,JPG,WBMP), short video
clips etc. and comes with mobile phones of small cameras.
Group 3 FAX
Fax data is transmitted as digital data over analog telephone network
according to ITU-T standards T.4 and T.30 using modems.
 4.1.1.3 Supplementary services
• GSM providers offer services similar to ISDN services
besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
• May differ between different service providers,
countries and protocol versions

Some Important services are

– Identification
– Call redirection
– Forwarding of ongoing calls
– Closed user groups
– Multiparty communications