Session 1

 Basic Electrical Concepts: (D.C.)

 Learning objectives :-
1. To know about circuit components.
2. To know about power and energy in simple electrical
ckts.

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 Cont……….
 Power:
1.Power is defined by rate of doing work
2. Unit is watt and symbol is P
3. Power = (work done)/ time
4. Electrical Power =work done in electrical ckt/time
P= V*I*t/t
=V*I=V2/R=I2R

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 Cont…..
 Energy:
Total work done in electric ckt is known by power.
E=P*t=V*I*t
The unit is watt-sec or watt-hr
1kwhr energy is also known as 1unit

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 Cont…..
Alternate Expressions for P, V, I ,R
QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS
P VI I2R V2/R
V IR P/I √PR
I V/R P/V √P/R
R V/I V2/P P/I2

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 Cont…….
Example.
A lamp rated 100v, 75 W is to be connected across
230 v supply. Find the value of resistance to be
connected in series with the lamp. Also find power
in the resistance.

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 Cont……
A.C. Circuits:
Learning objectives:-
1. To know about Impedance, current, power, power
factor in R, RL, RLC ckts.
2. To get Idea about waveforms and Phasor diagrams

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 Cont…..
Relations in Purely Resistive Circuits:
i= Vmsinwt/R
Im= Vm/R
I= V/R
P= I2R
Z=R
P.F.= cosΦ= R/Z=R/R=1

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Purely Inductive ckt:-
Cont……
i= Vmsin(wt-Π/2)/Xl
Im= Vm/Xl
P= v*I

Z= jXl
Average power consumption =0
Power factor of ckt= 0 leading

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 Cont……
Purely Capacitive Ckt:
i= Vm sin(wt+Π/2)
Im= Vm/Xc
P= v*I
Z=-jXc
Average power consumption=0
Power factor =0 leading

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 Cont…..
R-L Ckts:
Z=√(R2+Xl2 )
i=Vmsin(wt-Φ)/Z
Im= Vm/Z
P=I2R
P.F.=cos Φ= R/Z Lagging

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 Cont…..
R-C Ckts:
Z=√(R2+Xc2 )
i=Vmsin(wt+Φ)/Z
Im= Vm/Z
P=I2R
P.F.=cos Φ= R/Z Leading

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 Cont…..
R-L-C Ckts:
Z=√(R2+(Xl-Xc)2 )
i=Vmsin(wt+Φ)/Z
Im= Vm/Z
P=I2R
P.F.=cos Φ= R/Z Lagging/leading

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D.C. Motors and Generators
What is DC Motor ?
This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a
mechanical energy.

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Constructional Features

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Nomenclature of parts
 D.C. machine can be discussed with following parts:
 1.stator frame
 2.Pole Shoes
 3. Field windings
 4. armature
 5. Rotor windings ( armature windings)
 6. commutator
 7. brushes
 8. bearings and holding system
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Principle of DC Motor

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Detailed Description of a DC Motor

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 Where, P = no of poles
φ = flux per pole
Z= No. of conductors
A = No. of parallel paths

and N is the speed of the DC Motor.

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Torque and E.m.f.
 The input and output port variables of the direct
current motor are related by the parameter K.

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Armature current

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Classification
 Machine can be classified by methods of Excitation:
 1. Separately Excited
 2. shunt Excited
 3. series Excited
 4. compound Excited

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Need of starters

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Speed control of D.C. Machine
 The speed of a motor is given by the relation
Wm=( V- Ia *Ra)/Kφ
Speed is dependent on
1. Field flux
2. Supply voltage
3. Armature circuit resistance

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Speed control of D.C. Shunt motor
 (i) Variation of Flux or Flux Control Method
 (ii) Armature or Rheostatic Control Method
 (iii) Voltage Control Method
(a) Multiple Voltage Control
(b) Ward-Leonard System

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Speed control of D.C. Series motor
 1. Flux Control Method
(a) Field Diverters
(b) Armature Diverter
(c) Tapped Field Control
(d) Paralleling Field coils
2. Variable Resistance in Series with Motor

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Different Charecteristics of D.C.Motor

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D.C. Generators
 Working Principal
 Construction
 Types
 charecteristics

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Types of Generators
 Separately Excited
 Shunt
 Series
 compound

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Different Characteristics

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Applications of D.C. Machines
1.Drives requiring very high starting torque such as
hoist, cranes, battery powered vehicles and traction
type loads the series motor is the obvious choice.
2.Compound motors are used for pulsating loads like
conveyors, crushers, bending rolls, punch presses,
hoist, rolling mills, milling machines.
3. D.C Shunt motors has medium starting torques .
Speed regulations are 5-15 %. They are used in
centrifugal pumps, fans , blowers, printing presses etc

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 Thanks

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