Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
■ Enzymes which produce steroid hormones from cholesterol are located in mitochondria and
smooth ER.
■ Steroids are lipid soluble and thus are freely permeable to membranes so are not stored in cells.
8/17/2018
Steroid Hormones
■ Are not water soluble so have to be carried in the blood complexed to specific binding globulins.
■ In some cases a steroid is secreted by one cell and is converted to the active steroid by the
target cell: (androgen is secreted by the gonad and converted into estrogen in the brain).
8/17/2018
Steroid Hormones
■ Steroid hormones play important roles in:
- carbohydrate regulation (glucocorticoids)
- mineral balance (mineralocorticoids)
- reproductive functions (gonadal steroids)
■ Steroids also play roles in inflammatory responses, stress responses, bone metabolism,
cardiovascular fitness, behavior, cognition, and mood.
8/17/2018
Structure of Steroid Hormones
■ Steroids are lipophilic
molecules.
8/17/2018
■ Are all derived from the
same parent compound:
cholesterol.
8/17/2018
General Steps In Steroid Determination
■ Extraction
■ Purification
■ Estimation
8/17/2018
Estimation of Steroids
■ Fluorometric method
■ Colorimetric method
Porter-Silber reaction for corticosteroids or 17-hydroxycorticosteroids
Zimmerman reaction for ketogenic steroids or 17-ketosteroids
Kober reaction for estrogen
8/17/2018
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
by: Paulette Ann Banks
■ The major hormones, aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), are
uniquely synthesized from a common precursor by cells located in one of the three functionally
distinct zonal layers of the adrenal cortex.
■ These zonal layers are:
■ Zona glomerulosa/ G-zone
■ Zona fasciculata/ F-zone
■ Zona reticularis/ R-zone
Histologically, the adrenal cortex is layered into three different zones. From the
outside, These are the:
■ Zona glomerulosa
■ Zona fasciculata
■ Zona reticularis
Each of these layers is specialized to produce a particular set of steroid
hormones. These hormones are the
■ Mineralocorticoids
■ Glucorticoids
■ Androgens or sex hormones respectively
Mineralocorticoids
■ These hormones are produced by the Zona Glumerulosa. These hormones are
involved in electrolyte and water balance. The major mineralocorticoid is the
hormone aldosterone (critical for sodium retention (volume), potassium, and
acid-base homeostasis).
G-zone
5-10%
■ Aside from ACTH control levels of cortisol in the blood is also controlled by diurnal rhythm.
■ The diurnal pattern is due to circardian patterns of ACTH release.
■ Cortisol levels are usually ↑ between 4:00-8:00 AM. They are ↓ the rest of the day. In normal
sleep-wake schedule.
■ ACTH is lowest shortly after midnight. Stress is also an important factor for the release of cortisol.
Among the stressful stimuli for cortisol release are surgical trauma, pyrogens, hypoglycemia, and
hemorrhage
Regulation of Cortisol Secretion from the Adrenal
Cortex
Cortisone
■ Is a less important glucorticoid. Both cortisol and cortisone may be inactivated by conversion to
tetrahydro derivatives via reduction reactions. Examples of tetrahydro derivatives are
tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, allotetrahydrocortisol, etc.
■ The excretion of cortisol is via urine after conjugation with glucoronides and sulfates in the liver
facilitating their excretion (i.e.. making them water-soluble). Cortisol secretion is controlled
mainly by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (i.e, Cortisol-Releasing Hormone from
hypothalamus and ACTH from pituitary).
Sex Hormones
■ These hormones are produced by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. Sex hormones
produced by the adrenal cortex are also responsible for the development of secondary sexual
characteristics of humans.
■ These include androgens (19-C steroids with saturated A rings) and estrogens (18-C steroids
with unsaturated A rings).
■ The major androgen produced by the adrenal cortex is the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
SUMMARY:
Hormone Target tissue Response
Mineralocorticoids Kidneys; to lesser degree, Increase rate or sodium
(aldosterone) intestine and sweat transport into body,
glands increase rate of
potassium excretion;
secondarily favor water
retention
Glucorticoids (cortisol) Most tissues (e.g., liver, Increase fat and protein
fat, skeletal muscle, breakdown; increase
immune tissues) blood nutrient levels;
inhibit inflammation and
immune response
Urinary Corticosteroids
Plasma ACTH
Plasma Cortisol
Urinary Free Cortisol
Total 17-Ketosteroids
■ Urinary Corticosteroids
Commonly referred to as 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS)
Porter-Silber Reaction
- 17-OHCS are allowed to react with phenylhydrazine (DNPH)-sulfuric
acid reagent to form a yellow derivative measured at 410 nm.
Plasma Cortisol ↓ ↓
Plasma ACTH ↑ ↓
Pathways in Synthesis of Steroid Hormones
Important Precautions to be Observed in Measuring Plasma ACTH
■ Increase in plasma
8/17/2018
Most Consistent Findings in this condition are:
8/17/2018
THE TWO CATEGORIES OF CUSHING SYNDROME
■ Cushing Disease
■ Cushing Syndrome
- There is increased cortisol production due to tumors hich produce either excessive
ACTH or cortisol.
8/17/2018
ADDISON’S DISEASE
(Adrenal Insufficiency/ Hypoadrenalism)
Gaye Rhianna Deluso
Addison’s dse or Adrenal Insufficiency
47
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: (1/3)
48
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE: (2/3)
2. Ovulatory phase:
■Day 13: Surge of estrogen in the blood (estradiol) then;
■Creates a positive feedback to the adenohypophysis to release FSH and
LH
■Mid-cycle peak of the gonadotropins
■Help in the release of the ovum from the mature ovarian follicle
■LH: neutralizes the action of a peptide oocyte maturation inhibitor
■FSH: stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans which mucify the
environment and disperse the cumulus oophorus and induces enzymes that
catalyze the final breakdown of the follicular wall
49
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
(3/3)
3. Luteal or Secretory phase:
50
51
Laboratory measurement
of gonadal steroids
Progesterone
PROGESTERONE
■ Ovary
■ Adrenal cortex: precursor for the formation of other adrenal cortical steroids
■ Placenta: takes over the role of the corpus luteum in the synthesis of progesterone
53
■ Decreased in:
• early stages of the menstrual cycle,
• later stages of the menstrual cycle &;
• towards the end of the 28-day period
■ Increased in:
• mid-cycle &;
• early part of the luteal ohasee
Once released in the circulation:
■ Promote growth of the endometrium for the implantation of the fertilized ovum
■ Exert a negative feedback control on the synthesis and release of LH and FSH
THREE IMPORTANT GROUPS:
1. Pegnanediones
2. Pregnanolone
3. Pregnandediols: major metabolite
DETERMINATION OF PROGESTERONE
LEVELS
■ Anovulary cycles
■ Absence of clinical rise in pregnanediols excretion in the urine
■ Immunoassay
ESTROGENS
Gaye Rhianna Deluso
MAJOR ESTROGEN IN THE HUMAN FEMALE:
During menstrual cycle, two peaks of
estradiol could be seen namely:
■During midcycle peak of LH (about day 13)
■During progesterone peak (about day 21)
FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
■ Assist in regulating FSH and LH release by the
anterior pituitary
■ Control the development of the endometrium in
conjunction with progesterone
■ Trigger the process of menstruation through a drop
in its level at the end of the cycle
KOBER REACTION
■ Involves heating the urine in a strong aqueous
sulphuric acid containing hydroquinone
■ Form reddish brown color
ANDROGENS
■ Synthesized by testis and small amounts are
contributed by the adrenal cortex.
■ These includes testosterone, androstenedione, and
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
■ Major androgen produced by the testis is
testosterone
TESTOSTERONE
■Highest at about 7:00 am
■Lowest at about 8:00 pm
■Formed from cholesterol
■Enhanced by binding of LH testicular
Leydig’s cell receptor
FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
■ Facilitate the development of secondary male
sexual chracteristics
■ Enhance protein synthesis leading to growth in
both skeletal muscle and bone (especially during
puberty)
■ Involved in spermatogenesis
DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE
■Most of it comes from androstenedione
■Major androgen in skin, prostate, seminal
vesicle and epidydimis
■ END