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Engineering
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What is Environmental Science?
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Environment: the total of our
surroundings
• All the things around us with which
we interact:
• Living things
• Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Nonliving things
• Oceans, clouds, soil, rocks
• Our built environment
• Buildings, human-created living centers
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Objectives of Environmental Education
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Environmental Studies – Impact on the society and
involvement of the society in combating the causes of
environmental degradation.
• Environmental Science –Systematic study of biotic and abiotic
inter - relationship
• Environmental Engineering – causes and effects of pollutants
• Environmental Chemistry – study of various chemical
phenomena taking place in different segment of environment.
• Environmental and Ecology – interdisciplinary in nature and
biology, chemistry, geography, agri, etc.,
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FORMAL NON FORMAL
EDUCATION EDUCATION
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FORMAL EDUCATION
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NON FORMAL EDUCATION
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Environmental Education Organization
Government Non-Government
Organization Mass Media
Organization
Types of Ecosystem
Terrestrial Aquatic
(Forest, Grass
land, Desert) Marine Fresh water
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14
Name the three members in
every community.
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
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All energy in a food
web comes from
the…
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What makes ecosystems different?
1 Amount of water
2
Amount of sunlight
Type of soil
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What causes ecosystems to change?
Natural causes:
1
Drought
2
Disease
3
Fire
4
Overpopulation
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What causes ecosystems to change?
Construction
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Easter Island
Moai,
How can humans help to prevent
changes in ecosystems?
1
Use resources wisely
2
Clean up litter
4
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
(Self nourishing organisms) (dependent on others for food)
• Photoautotrophs Chemoautotroph
Types of Consumers
Physical Chemical
components components
Physical components
Light
• Light energy (sunlight) is the primary source of energy in
nearly all ecosystems.
Temperature
• The distribution of plants and animals is
greatly influenced by extremes in
temperature.
• Germination of seeds, blosssoming of flowers,
dormancy periods of certain trees all depend
on temperature.
• Hibernation, seasonal migrations of animals
and birds also depend on temperature.
Water
• Water is essential for life and all organisms
depend on it to survive.
O2 pulse of environment
CO2
49
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
• All organisms must obtain a supply of energy and nutrients from
their environment in order to survive.
• The transformations of energy in an ecosystem begin first with the
input of energy from the sun.
• Because, it is the first step in the production of energy for living
things, it is called “Primary production”.
• Photosynthesis -- Chemical reaction where green plants use water &
carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose.
• ENERGY is stored in glucose. Glucose is stored as starch in plants
• The energy contained within producers and consumers is ultimately
passed to the decomposers that are responsible for the constant
recycling of nutrients.
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The laws of physics and chemistry apply to
ecosystems
• The law of conservation of energy applies to
ecosystems.
– We can potentially trace all the energy from its
solar input to its release as heat by organisms.
• The second law of thermodynamics allows us to
measure the efficiency of the energy
conversions.
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
• Thus, there is a one-way flow of energy through the biotic
community and a cycling of nutrients between the biotic and
abiotic components of the ecosystem
• Energy flow cannot occur in reverse direction.
• The amount of energy decreases with successive trophic
levels.
• Only About 1% of energy from the sun is used by green plants
& rest remains unutilized.
• Similarly, there is loss of energy in each trophic level.
• The transfer of food energy between the organisms in an
ecosystem can be tracked by constructing food chains, food
webs, pyramids of numbers, biomass, etc.,
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NUTRIENT CYCLES
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CYCLE OF NUTRIENTS
PLANTS
NUTRIENTS ANIMALS
MICRO-
ORGANISMS
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Energy and Nutrient Flow
Biogeochemical cycles
RESPIRATION ANIMAL
BURNING
COMBUSTION
Carbon Cycle
The source of atmospheric carbon dioxide is variable but only plants can utilize
atmospheric carbon directly
NITROGEN CYCLE
• Nitrogen is crucial for all organisms
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Chlorophyll
• Nitrogen- 78% in Atmosphere
• N2 is very stable and must be broken apart by
organisms, combined with other atoms into a
usable form.
Nitrogen cycle completes in 5 steps:
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Eutrophication
4. Ammonification
5. Denitrification
1) Nitrogen Fixation (process of direct incorporation of atm.N2 into organic
body of the fixing organism). Nitrogen Fixation can be carried out by
symbiotic N fixer and non-symbiotic N fixer and other natural as well as
industrial process.
– Conversion of N2 → NH3
• Lightening storms convert atm. N into nitrates and reaches the soil through
rain water. They can also be converted to ammonia by denitrifying
bacteria.
2) Nitrification
• Conversion of NH3 → NO3
• Nitrosomonas convert ammonia to nitrite. Nitrobacter converts nitrite to
nitrate. This nitrate is taken up by higher plants and convert it into
protein and nucleic acids.
3) Eutrophication
• Discharge of excess quantity of nitrogeneous compounds into rivers and
lakes can result excessive growth of algae and macrophytic plants.
4) Ammonification
• Amino acids and nucleotides are broken down into NH3 or NH4
5) Denitrification
• The reduction of NO3 to N2 .
• Denitrifying bacteria Pseudomonas release gaseous nitrogen back in to
the atmosphere
Wet & dry
Atmospheric Nitrogen deposition
Nitrogen fixation by free
living & symbiotic Denitrification
microbes Pseudomonas
Consumers Plants
Uptake
Ammonification
Nitrification
Nitrosomonas Soil nitrite Nitrobacter Soil nitrate
Soil ammonia
Nitrogen Cycle
PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
• The only cycle that does not have a gaseous state
• Inorganic phosphate PO43- is released from rocks and sediments
through the action of erosion.
• Soil PO43- is absorbed by plants and incorporated into nucleic acids,
phospholipids and ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
• Animals obtain most of their PO43- by consumption of other animals
and from water.
• PO43- is released to the soil again by decomposers.
• Dissolved PO43- gets absorbed by algae and aquatic plants
• Decomposers break down waste and returns PO43- to sediments on
the seabed.
Parental Rock
Bacteria
Soluble PO43- in soil Insoluble phosphate
(orthophosphates)
Plants (Roots)
Animals Death
Bacterial
Bone/ Teeth
Decomposition
Decomposition
Phosphorus Cycle
Oxygen Cycle
Oxygen is the most important element in our life.
About 21% of Oxygen is present in the atm. As free O2.
Plants and animals can take the free O2 from the
atmosphere through a process called respiration, and it
release CO2 and water into the atmosphere
Sulfur Cycle
• The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur
through the geosphere and biosphere.
• Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and
then assimilated by microbes and plants.
• Mostly found under ground like phosphorus
• H2S is released by decomposers and during volcanic
eruptions; some H2S in soil is converted into sulfur by
aerobic bacteria and plants assimilate this.
• 99% of all sulfur in the atmosphere is due to man
• SO2 gas is released by industries; SO2 then reacts with
water to form H2SO4 which falls to the earth as acid
rain.
Ecological Pyramids
• An ecological pyramid is a graphical
representation designed to show the
number of organisms, energy
relationships, and biomass of an
ecosystem.
• Producers form the base of the pyramid
with succeeding trophic levels above.
• There are three types: of Numbers, of
Biomass and of Energy.
Pyramid of Numbers
• It is the simplest of the ecological pyramids.
• It is produced by a simple count of the
organisms in each trophic level of the
ecosystem.
• The number of organisms at each trophic level
decreases from the producer level to the
consumer level. i.e., Carnivores < Herbivores <
Producers.
• It can be upright or inverted.
Pyramid of Numbers UPRIGHT
Pyramid of Numbers INVERTED
• Tree Ecosystem
– A single tree harbors many fruit eating birds
(Primary consumer) and these birds in their turn,
host numerous parasites (secondary consumer)
Pyramid of Biomass
• The total amount of living or organic matter in
an ecosystem at any time is called 'Biomass'.
• It represents the total dry weight of all
organisms in an ecosystem at any given time.
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Energy
• The pyramid of energy represents the total
amount of energy consumed by each trophic
level.
• An energy pyramid is always upright.
• This happens because during energy transfer
from lower to higher levels, some energy is
always lost.
Pyramid of Energy
10% law
Raymond Lindeman
99
USES OF FORESTS
Commercial uses Ecological uses
Birch
• RAINFOREST – Evergreen broad leaves. E.g. bamboos, durian,
mangroves, etc.
Evergreen
Temperate Rainforest
Temperate Rainforest
Temperate Deciduous forest
Alpine Forests
• These forests are found in mountain
regions at an altitude of 10,000 feet
or more.
• Summers are cold and winters are
freezing.
• Most plants are found close to the ground
where there is more warmth. Grasses,
dwarf trees, shrubs are found here.
• Animals like Goats, Llamas, etc are the
Llamas
typical creatures found here.
Alpine Forests of the world
Alpine forest in summer Alpine forest in winter
Major Causes of Deforestation
1. Shifting cultivation
2. Fuel requirements
3. Raw materials for industrial use
4. Development projects
5. Growing food needs
6. Overgrazing
Major Activities in Forests
• Timber Extraction
• Mining
DAMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND PEOPLE
• Big dams and river valley projects have multi-purpose uses
and have been referred to as “Temples of modern India”.
• However, these dams are also responsible for the destruction
of vast areas of forests.
• India has more than 1550 large dams
• Maharashtra (more then 600)
• Gujarat (more then 250)
• Madhya Pradesh (130).
• The highest one is TEHRI DAM, on river Bhagirathi in
Uttaranchal and the largest in terms of capacity is
BHAKRA DAM on river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh.
Structure and Function of
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Biotic components
I. Producer Organisms
In a forest, the producers are mainly trees.
Trees are of different kinds depending upon the type of
forest developed in that climate.
Apart from trees, climbers, epiphytes, shrubs and ground
vegetation.
Dominant species of trees in major types of forest
ecosystems are:
Tectona grandis (Teak), Acer, Betula (Birch), Picea, Pine,
Cedrus.
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Structure and Function of
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Biotic components - Consumers
In a forest, consumers are of three main types
a) Primary Consumers
• These are Herbivores which feed directly on producers.
Eg: Ants, Beetles, Bugs, spiders etc. feeding on tree leaves.
• Larger animals such as Elephants, Deer, giraffe etc. grazing on shoots and/or
fruits of trees.
b) Secondary Consumers
These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers.
• Eg: Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes and Foxes.
c) Tertiary Consumers
These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary consumers
These include top carnivores like Lion, Tiger.
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Biotic components – Decomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
Actinomycetes (Streptomyces).
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121
Grassland ecosystem
Grasslands (Prairie) Ecosystem
• They are rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and
herbs.
• The rainfall is enough to support only grasses and a
few shrubs and trees.
• They have hot summers and cold winters.
• Some common birds and animals found are coyotes,
turkeys, eagles, bison, geese, prairie chicken, etc.
126
Structure and functions of Grassland Ecosystems
a) Primary Consumers
• The primary consumers are herbivores feeding directly on
grasses. These are grazing animals such as
• Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits etc.
• Besides them, numerous species of insects, termites, etc are also
present.
b) Secondary Consumers
• These are carnivores that feed on primary consumers
(Herbivores)
• These include;-Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.
c) Tertiary Consumers
• These include hawks etc. which feed on secondary consumers.127
Structure and functions of
Grassland Ecosystems
I. Biotic components – Decomposers
130
Tundra
• It is very cold and is close to the Arctic.
• The ground is permanently frozen.
In summer, there are marshes, lakes which has
insects and migratory birds.
• PLANTS are usually mosses, lichens, grasses
and other small shrubs.
• Hares, rodents, wolves, foxes, bears and deer
are typical animals.
• It acts as a carbon sink.
Tundra
Biome where the tree growth is hindered by low
temperatures and short growing seasons.
The Tundra
DESERT ECOSYSTEM
• A desert is a landscape or region that receives almost
no precipitation.
• Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of
less than 250 millimetres per year.
• It occupies about 17% of The Earth’s Surface.
• Deserts are characterized by hot days & cold nights.
• The deserts of the world are mainly located in the South- western
United States, Mexico, North America, Asia (Thar, Gobi, Tibet) &
west Asia.
• Deserts are characterized by scanty flora & fauna.
• Soils of deserts often have abundant nutrients but little or no
organic matter.
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AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem that is located
in a body of water.
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
Freshwater Marine
Lentic Lotic
(standing) (free flowing)
Freshwater Ecosystem - Lake
156
Marine Ecosystem
• It is one of the largest ecosystems on earth.
• Circulation of water occurs due to wind, tides
and gravitational effects
• Dissolved compounds like salt are present in
sea water.
• It is rich in biodiversity.
Marine Ecosystem
Marine Creatures
Marine Food Chain
Zones of the Marine Ecosystem
Eg.
1. Rice Varieties: All rice varieties belongs to the species
‘Oryzasativa’. But there are 1000 of rice varieties, which
show variation at the genetic level differ in their size,
shape, color and nutrient content
2. Teak Wood Varieties: There are no. of teak wood
varieties found available.
Eg. Indian teak, Burma teak, Malaysian teak…
Species diversity
Species diversity is the diversity between different
species. The sum of varieties of all the living
organisms at the species level is known as species
diversity.
– Plant Products
Wood - paper and pulp industry, plywood ind,
Cotton - Textile Industry
Fruits & Veg - Food industry
Rubber Rubber industry
– Rice, Oils, Vegetables,
3. Social Values
– Holy Animals
COW
SNAKE
PEACOCK
BULL
– Holy Plants
TULSI
PEEPAL
LOTUS
4. Ethical Values
Our rich heritage teaches us to worship plants, animals
rivers and mountains. The ethical values means that a
species may or may not be used, but its existence in
nature gives us pleasure.
Pollution
Climate Change
Over-Exploitation
Endemic = 7000
47000
Pollution
Habitat loss and
Fragmentation
Keystone Species
• A species whose presence and role within an
ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on
other organisms within the system.
presence, absence or
abundance reflects a Coral bleaching is an
indication of rising
specific environmental ocean temperatures.
condition.
Lichens are sensitive
• Indicator species can to Heavy metals or
signal a change in the acids in precipitation
may be indicators of air
biological condition of a pollution
particular ecosystem, and
thus may be used as a Caddisfly larvae are
indicator species for
proxy to diagnose the assessing water
health of an ecosystem. quality.
RED data book (IUCN)
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Documents rare and endangered species of animals, plants
and fungi.
Some important eg. of endangered species
SPECIES EXAMPLES
Reptiles Green sea turtle, Indian Python, Gavial
• These vary from the humid tropical Western Ghats to the hot
desert of Rajasthan, from cold desert of Ladakh and the icy
mountain of Himalayas to the warm cost of peninsular India
and these includes ecosystem diversity is highest in the world.
1. Trans-Himalayas 2 10 Zones
2. The Himalayas 4 26 Provinces
3. Indian Desert 2
4. Semi -Arid Zone 2
5. The Western Ghats 2
6. The Deccan Peninsula 5 mahanangal
7. The Gangetic Plain 2
8. The coasts 3
9. North East 2
10. The islands 2
The Biogeographic classification of India
BIOGEOGRAPHIC
S.NO. BIOTIC PROVINCES
ZONES
1. Trans-Himalaya Ladakh mountains, Tibetan plateau
2. Himalaya Northwest, West, Central and East Himalayas
3. Desert Thar, Kutch
4. Semi-arid Punjab plains, Gujarat Rajputana
5. Western Ghats Malabar plains, Western Ghats
6. Deccan Peninsula Central highlands, Chotta-Nagpur, Eastern
highlands, Central Plateau, Deccan South
7. Gangetic plains Upper and Lower Gangetic plains
8. Coast West and East coast, Lakshadweep
9. North-East Brahmaputra valley, Northeast hills
10. Islands Andaman and Nicobar
1. THE TRANS-HIMALAYAN REGION
• The only vegetation is a sparse alpine steppe.
Extensive areas consist of bare rock and
glaciers.
• The faunal groups best represented here are
wild sheep and goats (chief ancestral stock),
ibex, snow leopard, marbled cat, marmots and
black-necked crane.
IBEX marmots
black-necked crane
2. THE HIMALAYAN REGION
• The entire mountain chain running from north-western to
northeastern India, comprising a diverse range of biotic
provinces and biomes, 7.2 % of the country’s landmass.
• Flora and fauna vary according to both altitude and
climatic conditions: tropical rainforests in the Eastern
Himalayas and dense subtropical and alpine forests in the
Central and Western Himalayas.
• The lower levels of the mountain range support many
types of orchids.
• On the eastern slopes, rhododendrons MONAL
Gymnosporia
Prosopis Calotropis
5. Western Ghats
• They cover only 5% of India's land surface but are
home to more than about 4,000 of the country's
plant species of which 1800 are endemic.
• This zone displays diversity of forests from evergreen
to dry deciduous.
• The Nilgiri langur, lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr,
Malabar grey hornbill and Most amphibian species
are endemic to the Western Ghats.
gaur
chital
Bengal florican
8. COASTAL REGION
• The natural vegetation consists of mangroves.
• Animal species include dugong, dolphins, crocodiles
and avifauna.
• There are 26 species of fresh water turtles and
tortoises in India and 5 species of marine turtles,
which inhabit and feed in coastal waters and lay their
eggs on suitable beaches. Tortoise live and breed
mainly on the land.
Habitat Loss
Overharvesting or POACHING
Burning of
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
2. Habitat Loss
Habitat is the sum of
Environmental factor
Food
Water and
Shelter
Factors influencing Habitat Loss
Deforestation Conversion of forest into agri…
Destruction of wetlands due to draining,
filling and pollution, which causes huge biodiversity loss
Commercial Poaching
Hunting and killing animals to sell their products
What are the cause of Poaching?
Project Tiger
Project Crocodile
Project Elephant
IN SITU Conservation
Advantages Disadvantages
• Maintaining population • Requires more space
• Evolve better form of life • To maintain the food chain,
• Cheap and convenient large no. of species should
• Conserve the genetic be protected.
diversity of all the existing • Maintenance is also difficult
species.
• It ensures long term
protection
Ex situ Conservation (outside habitat)