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, Surat
ME Mechanical (Machine Design)
Subject Code: 2724610
1
Contents
Inroduction
Production Planning
Production Control
Sub function of Production Planning & Control
Types of Production System
2
Production Planning & Control – An
Introduction
Production Planning is a managerial function which is
mainly concerned with the following important issues:
3
Production Planning
Production planning is dynamic in nature and always
remains in fluid state as plans may have to be changed
according to the changes in circumstances
What production facilities are required?
How these production facilities should be laid down in the
space available for production? and
How they should be used to produce the desired products
at the desired rate of production?
4
Functions Issues to be covered
Product Design& Customer needs, market needs, availability of similar product, demand-supply gap,
Development functional aspects, operational aspects, environmental aspects etc.
No. of machines, No. of tooling, workers, No.of flow lines, Quantity, Quality and rate of
Only one
1. Planning
Capacity operation is carried out on a machine at a particular time.
production, demand pattern.
2. Each operation,
Equipments Selection
oncetype
No. of machines, started,
of M/c, must
Quality be completed.
aspects, Quantity aspects, rate of production,
Cost of equipments, support from the supplier, maintenance policy, storage of spare
& Maintenance
3. An operationparts. must be completed before its succeeding operation can
Compactability between w/c steels, No. of tools, their cost, their material etc,
start.
Tooling Selection
storage policy.
Only
4.Selection
Material & one machine
Types, of quality
specification, eachaspect,
type quantity
is available.(Lathe, Milling,
aspect, cost, supplies reputationShaper,
, lot size,
Management inventory levels, setup cost, mode of transportation etc.
etc.)
Generation of manufacture instruction, selection of M/c, tools, parameters, sequence
Process Planning
5. A job is processed as soon as possible, but only in the order
etc.
Loading
specified.
Division of work load, assignment of tasks, uniform loading, matching between
capability & capacity with job requirements.
6. Processing time are independent of order of performing the
Path selection for material movement as per the process plan and loading, minimum
Routing
material handling and waiting time.
operations.
Scheduling Time based loading, start and finish times, due dates, dispatching rules, re-scheduling.
operation: 1 and 2
2 and 1
Operation: 1, 2 and 3
1, 3 and 2
2, 3 and 1
2, 1 and 3
3, 1 and 2
3, 2 and 1
7
Condition/Assumption Single Machine Scheduling
The total number of sequences in the basic single machine problem
is n! which is the number of different combination of n elements.
n !
m
8
Definition
Processing Time (tj)
Ready Time (rj)
Due Date (dj)
Completion Time (Cj)
Flow Time (Fj)
Lateness (Lj)
Tardiness (Tj)
Mean flow time F
Mean tardiness
Shortest processing time(SPT)
9
Processing time(tj):
It is the time required to process job j. The processing time, tj will
normally include both actual processing time and set-up time.
10
Ready time(rj):
It is the time at which job j is available for processing.
The ready time of a job is the difference between the arrival time of that
job and the time at which that job is taken for processing.
11
Due date(dj):
It is the date at which the job j is to be completed.
12
Completion time(Cj):
It is the time at which the job j is completed in a sequence.
Performance measures for evaluating schedules are usually function of
job completion time.
13
Flow time(Fj):
It is the amount of time of job j spends in the system.
14
Lateness (Lj):
It is the amount of time by which the completion time of job j differs from the
due date (Lj = Cj – dj).
Positive lateness of a job means that the job is completed after its due date.
Negative lateness of a job means that the job is completed before its due date.
15
Tardiness (Tj):
Tardiness is the lateness of job j if it fails to meet its due date, or
zero, otherwise
16
Shortest Processing Time (SPT) Rule
In single machine scheduling problem, sequencing the jobs in
increasing order of processing time is known as the shortest processing
time (SPT) sequencing.
The time spent by a job in the system is nothing but its flow time, and
the ‘rapid turnaround time’ is its mean flow time F . Shortest
processing time (SPT) rule minimizes the waiting time, mean flow time
lateness.
1 n
F Fj
n j 1
17
ILLUSTRATION 1: Consider the following single machine-scheduling
problem.
Job (j) 1 2 3 4 5
Processing
15 4 5 14 8
time(t) hrs
Find the optimal sequence, which will minimize the mean flow time and
also obtain the minimum mean flow time.
18
SOLUTION:
No. of jobs = 5
Arrange the jobs as per the SPT ordering
Job (j) 2 3 5 4 1
Processing
4 5 8 14 15
time(t) (hrs)
Therefore, the job sequence, which will minimize the mean flow time,
is 2-3-5-4-1. Computation of Fmin.
Job (j) 2 3 5 4 1
Processing
4 5 8 14 15
time(t) (hrs)
Completion
4 9 17 31 46
time (cj ) (Fj )
19
Since, the ready time rj = 0 for all j, the flow time (Fj) is
equal to Cj for all j.
1
4 9 17 31 46
5
1 n
F Fj 1
107
n j 1 5
21.4 hours
Therefore, the optimal mean flow time = 21.4 hours.
20
illustration:2, six jobs A, B, C, D, E and F have arrived at one time to be
processed o a single machine. Assuming that no jobs arrive thereafter,
Job A B C D E F
Processing
7 6 8 4 3 5
time (minutes)
Determine:
1 optimal sequence as per SPT rule,
2 completion times of the job,
3 mean flow time.
21
WSPT Rule
In case importance of the jobs varies, Under such situation, each job is
assigned a weight, wj and larger value indicating greater importance. The
weighted mean flow time, which is shown below:
n
w .F
j 1
j j
Fw n
w j 1
j
22
ILLUSTRATION 2: Consider the following single machine-scheduling
problem with weights:
Job (j) 1 2 3 4 5
Processing
15 4 5 14 8
time(tj) (hrs)
Weight (W) 1 2 1 2 3
Determine the sequence, which will minimize the weighted mean flow time
of the above problem. Also find the weighted mean flow time.
23
Job (j) 1 2 3 4 5
Processing
15 4 5 14 8
time(tj) (hrs)
Weight (W) 1 2 1 2 3
T/wj 15 2 5 7 2.67
Therefore optimal sequence, which will minimize the weighted mean flow
time, is, 2 – 5 – 3 – 4 – 1.
24
Fw Calculation:
Job (j) 2 5 3 4 1
Tj 4 8 5 14 15
Cj (Fj) 4 12 17 31 46
Fj * Wj 8 36 17 62 46
w .F j j
8 36 17 62 46 169
Fw j 1
n
2 3 1 2 1 9
w j
j 1 18.78 hours
25
Earliest Due Date (EDD) Rule
The lateness (Lj) of a job is defined as the difference between the
completion time and the due date of that job. Lj can be either positive
or negative values.
Lj = Cj – dj
The maximum job lateness (Lmax) and the maximum job tardiness
(Tmax) are minimized by Earliest Due Date sequencing.
26
ILLUSTRATION 3: Consider the following single machining
scheduling problem:
Job (j) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Processing time (tj) 10 8 8 7 12 15
Due date (dj) 15 10 12 11 18 25
27
SOLUTION: Arrange the jobs as per EDD rule (i.e. in the order of their
due dates).
From the table, the maximum lateness is 35. This is the optimal value
for Lmax. The Lmax of any other non- EDD sequence will not be less than
35.
28
Minimizing the number of Tardy Jobs
If a job is completed beyond its due date, then it is called tardy job;
otherwise it is called non-tardy job. In many organizations, the
objective may be to minimize the total number of tardy jobs.
29
Minimizing the number of Tardy Jobs
An exact algorithm for the general case is given below. The final
sequence consists of two streams of jobs as given below:
30
Minimizing the number of Tardy Jobs
HODGSON’S ALGORITHM TO MINIMIZE (NT)
Step 1: Arrange the jobs in EDD order and assume this, as set E. Let set L
be empty.
Step 2: If no jobs in E are late, then stop. Find the union of E and L (Note:
The remaining jobs in E should be in EDD order. But the jobs in L can be
in any order); otherwise, identify the first late job in E. Let it be job K.
Step 3: Identify the longest job, among the first K jobs in the sequence.
Remove this job from E and place it in L. Revise the completion times of
the jobs remaining in E and return, to Step 2.
31
ILLUSTRATION 4 : A computer systems consulting company is
under contract to carry out seven projects, all with deadliness assured
in days from now. The consultants are a small group and they work
together on each project, so that the project will be started and
completed sequentially. Under the terms of contract, the consultants
will receive Rs. 24,000 for each project completed on time, but they will
incur Rs. 40,000 in penalties for each project completed late. Each
project has an, associated duration, which is the anticipated number of
days required to carry out the project as shown below.
How should the projects be sequenced in order to maximize net
revenues?
Project ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Duration (Dj) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deadlines (d) 6 12 30 19 12 18 24
32
SOLUTION: From the statement of the problem, one can identify that
the objective is to maximize net revenues. This can be achieved by
simply obtaining a sequence, which will minimize the number of tardy
jobs (NT), Hence, we apply Hodgson’s algorithm to minimize NT.
aij 6 12 12 18 19 24 30
Project ID (j) 1 2 5 6 4 7 3
33
Step 2: The lateness of the projects are checked as shown below:
Project ID (j) 1 2 5 6 4 7 3
Duration (tj) 2 4 10 12 8 14 6
Completion time (Cj) 2 6 16 28 36 50 56
Due date (d) 6 12 12 18 19 24 30
Tardy/ non-tardy (1/0) 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
In the above table, in the last row, 0 means that the project is non-tardy
and 1 means that the project is tardy.
As per the sequence in the set E, there are five tardy projects. The
first tardy project is 5, which is in the third position [3].
Step 3: The project with the largest duration(10) among the first-three
projects in the sequence is 5. Remove this project and append it to L.
Therefore
L = {5}
E = {1, 2, 6, 4, 7, 3}.
34
The completion times of the projects in the set E are revised as shown below:
Project ID (j) 1 2 6 4 7 3
Duration (tj) 2 4 12 8 14 6
Completion time (Cj) 2 6 18 26 40 46
Due date (d) 6 12 18 19 24 30
Tardy/ non-tardy (1/0) 0 0 0 1 1 1
Step 2: From Step 3, it is clear that there are three tardy projects. The first
tardy project is 4, which is in the fourth position of the sequence in the set
E.
Step 3: The project with the longest duration(12) among the first-four
projects is 6. Remove the project-6 from the set E and append it to the set L.
Therefore
E = {1, 2, 4, 7, 3}
L = {5, 6}.
35
The completion times of the projects in the set E are revised as shown:
Project ID (j) 1 2 4 7 3
Duration (tj) 2 4 8 14 6
Completion time (Cj) 2 6 14 28 34
Due date (d) 6 12 19 24 30
Tardy/ non-tardy (1/0) 0 0 0 1 1
Step 2: From Step 3, it is clear that there are two tardy projects. The
first tardy project is 7, which is in the fourth position of the sequence in
the set E.
Step 3: The project with the longest duration(14) among the first-four
projects in the set E are 7. Remove this project from the set E and
append it to the set L.
Therefore
E = {1, 2, 4, 3}
L = {5, 6,7}.
36
The completion times of the projects are revised as shown:
Project ID (j) 1 2 4 3
Duration (tj) 2 4 8 6
Completion time (Cj) 2 6 14 20
Due date (d) 6 12 19 30
Tardy/ non-tardy (1/0) 0 0 0 0
Step 2: From the table in the previous step, it is clear that all the
projects are non-tardy jobs. Hence, we reached the optimal sequence in
E.
Now merge E and L to get the complete sequence.
Final sequence = E Ụ L={1,2,4,3,5,6,7}
In the above optimal sequence, total number of tardy projects is 3,
which is the minimum value.
37
Flow Shop Scheduling
In flow shop scheduling problem, there are n jobs; each require
processing on m different machines. The order in which the
machines are required to process a job is called process sequence of
that job.
The process sequences of all the jobs are the same. But the
processing times for various jobs on a machine may differ. If an
operation is absent in a job, then the processing time of the operation
of that job is assumed as zero.
38
Flow Shop Scheduling
The flow-shop scheduling problem can be characterized as given
below:
39
Flow Shop Scheduling
The main difference of the flow shop scheduling from the basic single
machine scheduling is that the inserted idle time may be advantageous
in flow shop scheduling.
Though the current machine is free, if the job from the previous
machine is not released to the current machine, we cannot start
processing on that job. So, the current machine has to be idle for
sometime. Hence, inserted idle time on some machines would lead to
optimality.
40
Flow Shop Scheduling
For example, consider the following flow-shop problem
41
Flow Shop Scheduling Job Machine 1 Machine 2
1 5 4
Idle Time 2 3 1
3 6 2
4 7 8
2 1 4 3
Machine 2
1 4 8 2 M/C- 1 : 21 minute
M/C- 2 : 25 minute
2 1 4 3
Machine 1 Idle Time: M/C-1 : 0
3 5 7 6 M/C-2 : 10
Make span : 25
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Gantt Chart for sequence 2-1-4-3 42
Flow Shop Scheduling Job Machine 1 Machine 2
3 6 2
Idle Time
4 7 8
1 5 4
2 3 1
3 4 1 2
Machine 2
2 8 4 1 M/C- 1 : 21 minute
M/C- 2 : 26 minute
3 4 1 2
Machine 1 Idle Time: M/C-1 : 0
6 7 5 3 M/C-2 : 11
Make span : 26
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Gantt Chart for sequence 3-4-1-2 43
Flow Shop Scheduling
This problem has 4 jobs. Hence, 4! sequences are possible. Unlike in
single machine scheduling, in flow shop scheduling, inserted idle time
would minimize the makespan.
In the above two sequences, 2-1-4-3 and 3-4-1-2, the first sequence has
lesser makespan.
Like this, one can enumerate all 4! sequences, then select the sequence
with the minimum makespan as the optimal sequence.
44
Flow Shop Scheduling (sequencing Problem)
As mentioned in the earlier section, the time complexity function for a
general flow shop problem is exponential in nature. This means, the
function grows exponentially with an increase in the problem size. But,
for a problem with 2 machines and n jobs, Johnson had developed a
polynomial algorithm to get optimal solution, i.e., in a definite time,
one can get the optimal solution.
the general sequencing problem is stated as: there are n jobs (1,2,3..n)
each of which must be processed through each of M machines (m1, m2,
m3….. Mn) one at a time.
the order of processing each job through the machines is given and also
the time taken to process each job on each machine is known.
45
Flow Shop Scheduling (Johnson's Rules)
Assumptions
1. No machine can process more than one job at a time.
2. Each job once started on one machine is continued till completion on
it.
3. Time involved in moving a job from one machine to another is
negligibly small.
46
Flow Shop Scheduling
1. n jobs and 2 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)
In the above table, tij represents the processing time of the job i
on the machine j.
47
Flow Shop Scheduling
1. n jobs and 2 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)
Step 2a: If the minimum processing time requires machine 1, place the
associated job in the first available position in sequence. Go to Step 3.
Step 2b: If the minimum processing time requires machine 2, place the
associated job in the last available position in sequence. Go to Step 3.
Step 3: Remove the assigned job from consideration and return to Step 1
until all positions in sequence are filled. (Ties may be broken
randomly.)
48
Flow Shop Scheduling
ILLUSTRATION 5: Consider the following two machines and Five jobs flow
shop-scheduling problem.
49
Flow Shop Scheduling
Processing time (hrs)
Job Machine 1 Machine 2
1 5 2
2 1 6
3 9 7
4 3 8
5 10 4
Optimal Sequence 2 4 3 5 1
50
Processing time (hrs)
Job Machine 1 Machine 2
1 5 2
Optimal Sequence 2 4 3 5 1
One can extend Johnson’s algorithm from the above Table. if anyone of the
following two conditions is satisfied.
If min ti1 ≥ max ti2
or if min ti3 ≥ max ti2
If anyone of the above conditions is satisfied then, we can extend the
Johnson’s algorithm in the following way.
52
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of
Johnson’s Rule
procedure:
Step I: Convert the three machine problem into two machine problem by
introducing two fictitious machines G and H
Such that Gi = M1 i + M2 i
Hi = M2 i + M3 i i = 1, 2, 3,…..n
Step II: Once the problem is converted to n job 2 machine the sequence is
determined using Johnson’s algorithm for n Jobs and 2 machine.
Step III: For the optimal sequence determined, find out the minimum total
elapsed time and idle times associated with mahicnes.
53
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of
Johnson’s Rule
1. If there are equal smallest processing times one for each machine,
place the job on machine 1, first in the sequence and on in machine 2
last in the sequence.
2. If the equal smallest times are both for machine 1, select the job with
lower processing time in machine 2 for placing first in the sequence.
3. If the equal smallest times are both form Machine 2, select the one
with lower processing time in machine 1, for placing last in the
sequence.
54
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of
Johnson’s Rule
Illustration:
Find optimal sequence of the jobs. Also find the minimum total elapsed
times and idle times on M2 and M3.
55
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of Johnson’s Rule
Procedure:
Step I: check for the conditions to be satisfied
If min ti1 ≥ max ti2 ; 6=6
or if min ti3 ≥ max ti2 ; 4<6
Hence, the problem can be solved by using Johnson’s n Job 3 –Machine
algorithm.
56
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of Johnson’s Rule
Procedure:
Step II: Convert the 3 machine problem into 2 machine problem by introducing
two fictitious machines G and H
Gi = M1 i + M2 i
Hi = M2 i + M3 i i = 1, 2, 3,…..n
Jobs Gi Hi
1 13 9
2 16 15
3 8 10
4 10 9
5 15 9
57
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of Johnson’s Rule
Procedure:
Step III: determine the sequence using n job 2 machine procedure.
Jobs Gi Hi
1 13 9
2 16 15
3 8 10
4 10 9
5 15 9
Optimal Sequence 3 2 5 1 4
58
Flow Shop Scheduling
2. n jobs and 3 machines (Johnson's Algorithm)/ Extension of Johnson’s Rule
Optimal Sequence 3 2 5 1 4
Let Tij denote the time taken by jth job on the ith machine.
Procedure :
Step I: find Min Tij ( Minimum time for the first machine)
Min Tmj ( Minimum time on the last machine)
60
Flow Shop Scheduling
3. n jobs and m machines Johnson’s Rule:
Step IV: convert the n job m machine problem into n job 2 machine problem by
considering two fictitious machines G and H.
Such that,
TGj = Tij + T2j +………..+ Tm-1j
THj = T2j +T3j +………...+ Tmj
Step V: Now obtain the sequence for n jobs using Johnson’s Algorithm.
Step VI: Determine the minimum total elapsed time and idle times associated
with machines
61
Flow Shop Scheduling
3. n jobs and m machines Johnson’s Rule:
Processing Times
Jobs M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
A 18 8 7 2 10 25
B 17 6 9 6 8 19
C 11 5 8 5 7 15
D 20 4 3 4 8 12
62
Flow Shop Scheduling
Check for the conditions to be satisfied
If min Tij ≥ max Tij ; 11 > 10
or if min Tmj ≥ max Tij ; 12 > 10
Processing Times
Jobs M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
A 18 8 7 2 10 25
B 17 6 9 6 8 19
C 11 5 8 5 7 15
D 20 4 3 4 8 12
63
Flow Shop Scheduling
Convert the problem into 2 Machine Problem
Jobs Gi Hi
A 45 52
B 46 48
C 36 40
D 39 31
Optimal Sequence C A B D
64
Flow Shop Scheduling
Minimum total elapsed time
Optimal Sequence C A B D
Processing Times
Jobs M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
C 0 – 11 11 – 16 16 – 24 24 - 29 29 - 36 36 – 51
A 11 – 29 29 - 37 37 – 44 44 – 46 46 – 56 56 – 81
B 29 – 46 46 – 52 52 – 61 61 – 67 67 – 75 81 - 100
D 46 - 66 66 - 70 70 - 73 73 - 77 77 - 85 100 - 112
67
Job Shop Scheduling
Advantages
Following are the advantages of job shop production:
68
Job Shop Scheduling
Limitations
Following are the limitations of job shop production:
69
Job Shop Scheduling
2 job and M machine Scheduling, Graphical solution
Since, this is a special kind under the job shop scheduling like,
Johnson’s problem (n jobs and 2 machines) under flow shop
scheduling, we have a graphical procedure to get optimum schedule.
70
Job Shop Scheduling
2 job and M machine Scheduling, Graphical solution
71
Job Shop Scheduling
2 job and M machine Scheduling, Graphical solution
Step 3: make a starting line from origin (O) and moving through the
various stages of completion (points) till the point marked ‘finished’ is
reached. Choose path consisting only of horizontal, vertical and 45°
lines. A horizontal line represents work on job 1 while job 2 remains
idle, a vertical line represents work on job 2 while job 1 remains idle and
45° line to the base represents simultaneous work on both jobs.
72
2 job and M machine Problem
ILLUSTRATION : Use graphical method to minimize the time needed to
process the following jobs on the machines shown (i.e. for each machine,
find the job which should be scheduled first). Also, calculate the total time
elapsed to complete both jobs.
Job 1 Sequence A B C D E
Time(hrs) 3 4 2 6 2
Job 2 Sequence B C A D E
Time(hrs) 5 4 3 2 6
73
Both job cannot
be processed
simultaneously
on one machine.
Job 2
Elapsed Time/makespan=
Processing time + Idle time
Job 1 = 17 + 2 + 3 = 22 hrs
20
E
D 14
E Job 2 = 20 + 2 = 22 hrs
Machine
D
12
A A
9
C
5
c
B B
3 7 9 15 17
A B C D E
Machine Job 1 74
(i.e. for each machine, find the job which should be
scheduled first).
Time(hrs) 1 2 3 5 1
Job 2 Sequence C A D E B
Time(hrs) 3 4 2 1 5
76
Job 1 = 12 + 3 = 15 hrs
Job 2 = 15 + 0 = 15 hrs
77
ILLUSTRATION 2: Use graphical method to minimize the time
needed to process the following parts on the machines shown
(i.e. for each machine, find the part which should be scheduled
first). Also, calculate the total time elapsed to complete both
parts.
part 1 Sequence C A E F D B
Time(hrs) 2 3 4 5 6 1
part 2 Sequence B A E F C D
Time(hrs) 3 2 5 3 2 3
78
Job 1 = 21 + 2 = 23 hrs
Job 2 = 18 + 5 = 23 hrs
Machine Sequence
A part 1 Precedes part 2
B part 2 Precedes part 1
C part 1 Precedes part 2
D part 1 Precedes part 2
E part 1 Precedes part 2
F part 1 Precedes part 2
79