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Sky Wires/Ground Wires/Shielding Wires
Counter-poise
Harmonics in Power System and
Machines
Balanced Condition of Three-phase
Power System with Phasor Diagrams
Unbalanced Condition of Three-phase
Power System with Phasor Diagrams

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya è

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 To provide protection against overvoltages due
to lightning strokes
 Ground wire is a conductor run parallel to the
main conductor of the of overhead
transmission line supported on the same tower
and earthed at every equally and regularly
spaced towers
 It is run above the main conductor of the line
 The ground wire shields the transmission line
conductor from induced charges, from clouds
as well as from a lightning discharge

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya r

 


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‡The shielding angle ës=30 was considered
G adequate for tower heights of 30 m or less
‡The shielding wires may be one or more
depending on the tower type of the tower used

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P P h

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya -

  


 When a line is shielded, the lightning strikes either the tower or
the ground wire. The part for drainage of the charge and lightning
current is (a) through the tower frame to ground, (b) through the
ground line in opposite directions from the point of striking
 The instantaneous potential to which tower top can rise is

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 If the surge impedance of the tower, which is the effective tower

footing resistance, is reduced, the surge voltage developed is
also reduced considerably. This is accomplished by provision of
counter-poise wires connected to the tower legs at the tower
footing or foundation

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya §

 


 Counter-poise wires are wires buried in the ground
at a depth of 0.5 to 1.0 m, running parallel to the
transmission line conductors and connected to the
tower legs
 These wires may be 50 to 100 m long. These are
found to be more effective than driven rods and the
surge impedance of the tower may be reduced to
as low as 25 ohm
 The depth does not materially affect the resistance
of the counter-poise and it is only necessary to bury
them to a depth enough to prevent theft

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya X

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 Harmonics are the undesirable waveforms

having frequencies in integer-multiples of
fundamental power frequency of voltage or
current
 For 50 Hz power frequency sinusoidal voltage
or current, 2nd ,3rd ,4th , 5th ,«.nth harmonic
frequencies are 100, 150, 200, 250,«.50xn
respectively in Hz

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya o

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03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya Ë

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 The distortion comes from electronic and m m
m
devices, principally loads.

Examples of Non-linear loads

‡ Electronic lighting ballasts
‡ Adjustable speed drives
‡ Electric welding equipment
‡ Solid state rectifiers
‡ Industrial process controls
‡ Uninterruptible Power Supplies(UPS) systems
‡ Saturated transformers
‡ Computer system

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya ‰

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 Harmonics Overheating and premature failure of
distribution transformers
(Increasing iron and copper losses or eddy currents due
to stray flux losses)
 Overheating and mechanical oscillations in the motor-load
system
(Producing rotating magnitude field, which is opposite to
the fundamental magnitude field)
 Overheating and damage of neutral conductors
Trouble Harmonics: 3rd, 9th, 15th «
(A 3-phase 4-wire system: single phase harmonic will add
Rather than cancel on the neutral conductor)

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya [


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 Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) -contribution of all
harmonic frequency currents to the fundamental current.
This THD value is expressed as a percentage of the
fundamental current

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 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): ratio of the harmonic
component to the fundamental component. This value is
sometimes used to track the effect of each individual
harmonic and examine its magnitude

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya è

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 It may introduce Crawling of three-phase

induction motor i.e. the tendency of motor to run
at 1/7 speed of synchronous speed due to
predominance of seventh harmonic.
Third harmonics do not generate any rotating
field, hence no harmonic torque contributed by
those
Fifth harmonic produces negative rotation in
turn producing somewhat braking action what
could be neglected as compared to forward
torque
03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya è§



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 Use of delta †† transformer to eliminate 3rd

harmonic component
 For thyristor controlled devices, using more number of
firing pulses reduces harmonic content, however it
increases pulsation losses
 Use of ¢armonic Filters with variable frequency drives
(a) Passive filter- Combination of L & C
(b) Active filter- blends static devices
 Using high permeability material

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya èX

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To transmit power in bulk, three phase system

is most economical world widely used
compared to single phase
Three phase balanced system:- all voltage or
current phasors are having equal amplitudes as
well as equal phase angle diff. of 120 degree.
Star and Delta connections are commonly
used for generation, transmission and
distribution of power
Three phase power is in star or delta fashions
is :
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03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya èo
 
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03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya èË

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 Unsymmetrical short circuit faults
(a) L-G
(b) L-L-G
(c) L-L
 Overloading on of three phases of 3-phase, 4 wire star
connected system
 Open conductor fault
(a) one conductor open
(b) two conductors open
 Harmonics

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya è‰


 ˜ 



Neutral wire helps derive single phase load from three phase
star connection
Presence of neutral wire help provide provision of sensing of
earth fault current (zero sequence current) for protection
With a Y-connected system, a neutral wire is needed in case
one of 1- phase loads gets to fail open (or be turned off), in
order to keep the phase voltages at the load from changing
 This is not necessary (or even possible!) in a ǻ-connected
circuit
Delta provides path for 3rd harmonic components and 3rd
harmonic does not appear on LINE voltages and currents.
Under unbalanced condition neutral wire carries thrice 3rd
harmonic current in star connection

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya è[

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The greatest advantage of the ǻ-connected source is its fault
tolerance. It is possible for one of windings in a ǻ-connected three-
phase source to fail open without affecting load voltage or current!

The only consequence of a source winding failing open for a ǻ-

connected source is increased phase current in the remaining
windings.
03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya r
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With a ǻ-connected load, two of the resistances suffer

reduced voltage while one remains at the original line
voltage, 208. A Y-connected load suffers an even worse
fate with the same winding failure in a Y-connected source

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya rè

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In this case, two load resistances suffer reduced voltage
while the third loses supply voltage completely!

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya rr

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All the synchronous generators/alternators are
star connected to have neutral wire for protection
purpose
Delta connection is deployed for secondary of
step up power transformer at power station for
further transmission of bulk power over large
distance
Open delta connection or V-V connection of three
phase transformer
Star connected rotor of slip ring induction motor to
achieve high starting torque

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya r-

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 # $$
Shielding wire and counter-poise application
The production, causes & remedies of harmonics in
power system and electrical machines in connection
with star and delta configuration
Balanced/Symmetrical three-phase system
overview
Causes of unbalanced in power system
Comparison of star and delta connected systems
from point of view of tolerance under unbalanced
conditions

03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya r§

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03/09/2008 Prepared by:Viren B. Pandya rX