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College of Engineering
Fall 2007 - ME 444
• Overview
• Combustion systems
• Fuel injection systems
• Fuel characteristics
• Performance issues
• Emissions control
• Summary & future trends
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
Typical DI Chambers
Spray Outline
Spill
Control
Valve
Injectors
Fuel
Return to
Tank
ECU
High-Pressure Pump
~350 Particulates,
Sulfur (now) ~350 ppm
ppm catalyst poisoning
Sulfur
<15 ppm <30 ppm
(future) Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
Lecture Outline
• Overview
• Combustion systems
• Fuel injection systems
• Fuel characteristics
• Performance issues
• Emissions control
• Summary & future trends
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
MAXIMUM SPECIFIC POWER & BMEP
COMPARISON
50 GASOLINE vs DIESEL
45
40
35
POWER, kW/L &
30 BMEP-GAS
BMEP, bar
25 POWER-GAS
POWER-DIESEL
20
BMEP-DIESEL
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
SPEED, r/min
550
500
Gasoline
450
BSFC, g/kWh
400 DI-Diesel
350
300
250
200
150
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
BMEP, bar
Current Technologies
• Waste-gate turbocharger
• Variable nozzle turbine turbocharger
Future Technologies
• Two-stage turbocharging systems
• Electric motor driven compressor,
turbine, or both
• Dual range compressors with one
turbine
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
Lecture Outline
• Overview
• Combustion systems
• Fuel injection systems
• Fuel characteristics
• Performance issues
• Emissions control
• Summary & future trends
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
Progression in European Passenger
Car Diesel Emissions Standards
0.16
EURO I (1992)
Particulates (g/km)
0.14
0.12
EURO II -- DI (1996) Efficiency
0.1
Power
0.08
Density
0.06 EURO III (2000) Driveability
0.04
EURO IV (2005)
0.02
EURO V (2009)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
HC + NOx (g/km)
SOOT CLOUD
FUEL FILM ON WALL
SWIRL DIRECTION
5 Conventional
5
Combustion
Equivalence Ratio
4
4
Toward LTC
3
3
2
2
1
1
HC/CO
DOC
NOx PARTICLE
DOC DEVICE FILTER
VAPORIZER
Advantages:
• Efficiency (most efficient prime mover)
• Emissions (low CO, CO2, good durability)
• Very high torque and performance
Disadvantages:
• Emissions (more challenging to control
NOx, particulates)
• Higher cost
• Heavier
• Noise (more challenging to make quiet)
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center
Future Trends
• Factors
– Global warming (favors diesel)
– Energy resources (favors diesel)
– Government policy (low fuel tax unfavorable for diesel)
• USA
– Truck use increasing
– Car use discouraged by low fuel tax
– Higher recent fuel prices and higher CAFE threat driving
some introduction
• Europe
– New technology (4-valve DI, common-rail injection,
particulate traps)
– Diesel car sales up dramatically (currently 50% of new car
market)
– Being marketed as performance engine
Roger Krieger, GM R&D Center