Unsymmetrical Fault

Unsymmetrical fault analysis
Unsymmetrical fault Analysis

Dr S Krishnamurthy
1
All Protection Engineers should
have an understanding

TO :-
• Calculate Power System Currents and Voltages during Fault Conditions
• Check that Breaking Capacity of Switchgear is Not Exceeded
• Determine the Quantities which can be used by Relays to
• Distinguish Between Healthy (i.e. Loaded) and Fault Conditions
• Appreciate the Effect of the Method of Earthing on the Detection of Earth
Faults
• Select the Best Relay Characteristics for Fault Detection
• Ensure that Load and Short Circuit Ratings of Plant are Not Exceeded
• Select Relay Settings for Fault Detection and Discrimination
• Understand Principles of Relay Operation
• Conduct Post Fault Analysis
Applications of fault analysis
• Consider Stability Conditions
• Required fault clearance times
• Need for 1 phase or 3 phase auto-reclose 2
Computer Fault Calculation
Programmes

 Widely available, particularly in large power utilities
 Powerful for large power systems
 Sometimes overcomplex for simple circuits
 Not always user friendly
 Sometimes operated by other departments and not directly
available to protection engineers
 Programme calculation methods:- understanding is important
 Need for ‘by hand’ spot checks of calculations
Pocket Calculator Methods
 Adequate for the majority of simple applications
 Useful when no access is available to computers and
programmes e.g. on site 3
 Useful for ‘spot checks’ on computer results
Balanced (3Ø) Faults (1)

 RARE :- Majority of Faults are Unbalanced
 CAUSES :-
1. System Energisation with Maintenance Earthing
Clamps still connected.
2. 1Ø Faults developing into 3Ø Faults
 3Ø FAULTS MAY BE REPRESENTED BY 1Ø CIRCUIT
• Valid because system is maintained in a BALANCED state
during the fault
• Voltages equal and 120° apart
• Currents equal and 120° apart
Power System Plant Symmetrical
• Phase Impedances Equal
• Mutual Impedances Equal 4
• Shunt Admittances Equal

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
LINE ‘X’ LINE ‘Y’
LOADS
3Ø FAULT
Ea ZG ZT ZLX IaF ZLY
Eb IbF
Ec IcF
ZLOAD
5
IcF
Ea

IaF
Ec Eb
IbF
Positive Sequence (Single Phase) Circuit :-

Ea
ZG1 ZT1 ZLX1 F1 ZLX2
Ia1 = IaF ZLOAD 6

N1
Fault Types

1. Line - Ground (65 - 70%)
2. Line - Line - Ground (10 - 20%)
3. Line - Line (10 - 15%)
4. Line - Line - Line (5%)
Statistics published in 1967 CEGB Report, but are similar

today all over the world.
CEGB: Central Electricity Generating Board

(British started in 1957) 7
Unbalanced Faults

In three phase fault calculations, a single phase representation is
adopted.
• 3 phase faults are rare.
• Majority of faults are unbalanced faults.
UNBALANCED FAULTS may be classified into SHUNT FAULTS and

SERIES FAULTS.
1. SHUNT FAULTS:
a) Line to Ground
b) Line to Line
c) Line to Line to Ground
2. SERIES FAULTS:
a) Single Phase Open Circuit
b) Double Phase Open Circuit 8
Unbalanced Faults

Analysed using :-
• Symmetrical Components
• Equivalent Sequence Networks of Power
System
• Connection of Sequence Networks appropriate
to Type of Fault
9
Symmetrical Components
Fortescue discovered a property of unbalanced phasors ‘n’ phasors may

be resolved into :-
1. (n-1) sets of balanced n-phase systems of phasors, each set having

a different phase sequence Plus
2. 1 set of zero phase sequence or unidirectional phasors
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA3 + VA4 - - - - - VA(n-1) + VAn

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB3 + VB4 - - - - - VB(n-1) + VBn
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC3 + VC4 - - - - - VC(n-1) + VCn
VD = VD1 + VD2 + VD3 + VD4 - - - - - VD(n-1) + VDn
------------------------------------------
Vn = Vn1 + Vn2 + Vn3 + Vn4 - - - - - Vn(n-1) + Vnn
(n-1) x Balanced 1 x Zero

Sequence 10
Symmetrical Component
Phasors

The unbalanced three phase system can be transformed
into three balanced phasors.
1. Positive Sequence
2. Negative Sequence
3. Zero Sequence
11
Positive Phase Sequence

• Each have the same
magnitude.
Vc1
• Each positive sequence
voltage or current quantity is
displaced 120° from one
another. Va1
Vb1
12
Positive Phase Sequence

• The positive sequence
quantities have a-b-c,
counter clock-wise, phase
Vc1
rotation.
Va1
Vb1
13
Negative Phase Sequence

• Each have the same
magnitude.
Vb2
• Each negative sequence
voltage or current quantity
is displaced 120° from one
another. Va2
Vc2
14
Negative Phase Sequence

• The negative sequence
quantities have a-c-b,
counter clock-wise, phase
Vb2
rotation.
Va2
Vc2
15
Zero Phase Sequence

• Each zero sequence
quantity has the same
magnitude. Vc0
• All three phasors with no
angular displacement
Vb0
between them, all in
Va0
phase.
16

Assuming three unbalance voltage phasors, VA, VB and VC having a
positive sequence (abc). Using symmetrical components it is possible to
represent each phasor voltage as:
V =V 0 +V + +V −
A A A A
Zero Sequence Component
VB =VB0 +VB+ +V B− Positive Sequence Component
V =V 0 +V + +V − Negative Sequence Component

C C C C
Where the symmetrical components are:
17

The Positive Sequence Components ( V +, V +, V + ) VC+ VA+
A B C
Three phasors 120 o
Equal in magnitude 120 o 120 o
Displaced by 120o in phase
Having the same sequence as the original phasors (abc) VB+
− − −
The Negative Sequence Components ( V , V ,V )
A B C −
− V
Three phasors VB A
Equal in magnitude 120 o

Displaced by 120o in phase 120 o 120 o
Having the opposite sequence as the original phasors (acb)
VC−
The zero Sequence Components ( V 0, V 0, V 0 )

A B C
VB0 VA0
Three phasors 18
Equal in magnitude
Having the same phase shift ( in phase) VC0
Example

VA =V 0 +V + +V −
A A A
Zero V A0 VB =V +V +V
0 + −
B B B
VB0
Sequence VC =VC0 +VC+ +VC−
VC 0
VA
VA0
V A+
V A− VA
VC = 0
Positive VC + 120 o
Sequence V A+
120 o
VB + VC = 0
V A−
VB Negative 120 o
VB
Unbalance Sequence 120 o VC −
Synthesis Unsymmetrical phasors
Voltage VB − 19
using symmetrical components
Sequence Set Representation

Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can
be represented as a sum of the three sequence sets
I a = I a0 + I a+ + I a−
I b = I b0 + I b+ + I b−
+
Ic = I 0
+I +I −
c c c
where
I 0 , I 0 , I 0 is the zero sequence set
a b c
I a+, I b+, I c+ is the positive sequence set 20
I a−, I b−, I c− is the negative sequence set

j Operator

Rotates vectors by 90° anticlockwise :
j = 1 90
90 90
j2 = 1 180 1
= -1
90 90
j3 = 1 270
= -j
Used to express vectors in terms of “real” and “imaginary”

parts. 21
α = 1 120 °
Rotates vectors by 120° anticlockwise

Used extensively in “Symmetrical Component
Analysis”
1 3
  1120  -  j
=(-0.5+j0.866)
2 2
120
120 1
120
1 3 22
 2
 1240    j
2 2
=(-0.5-j0.866)
Phasor α (a) or a-operator

23
α = 1 120 °

Balanced 3Ø voltages :- (positive sequence)
VC = α V A
α2+α+1 = 0
VA
=(-0.5-j0.866)+(-0.5+j0.866)+1
=0
VB = α2VA 24
α = 1 120 °

Balanced 3Ø voltages :- Negative sequence
VB = α V A
α2+α+1 = 0
VA
=(-0.5-j0.866)+(-0.5+j0.866)+1
=0
VC = α2VA 25
Phase  Positive + Negative + Zero

VA
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0
VC
VA1 VB
VA2 VA0 VB0

VC0
+ VC2 +
VC1
VB1 VB2
VB1 = a2VA1 VB2 = a VA2 VB0 = VA0 26

VC1 = a VA1 VC2 = a2VA2 VC0 = VA0
Converting from Sequence Components
to Phase Values

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0 = a2VA1 + a VA2 + VA0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0 = a VA1 + a2VA2 + VA0
VA0
VA
VA2
VA1
VC
VC0
VC1
VC2 VB
27
VB1 VB0
VB2
Converting from Phase Values to
Sequence Components

VA1 = 1/3 {VA + a VB + a2VC}
VA2 = 1/3 {VA + a2VB + a VC}
VA0 = 1/3 {VA + VB + VC}
VA
VB
3VA0
VC
VA0 28
Summary

VB = 2VA1 + VA2 + VA0
VC = VA1 + 2VA2 + VA0
IA = IA1 + IA2 + IA0

IB = 2IA1 + A2 + IA0
IC = IA1 + 2IA2 + IA0
VA1 = 1/3 {VA + VB + 2VC}

VA2 = 1/3 {VA + 2VB + VC }
VA0 = 1/3 {VA + VB + VC }
IA1 = 1/3 {IA + IB + 2IC }

IA2 = 1/3 {IA + 2IB + IC } 29
IA0 + 1/3 {IA + IB + IC }
Residual Current
Used to detect earth faults

IA
IB
IC
IRESIDUAL = IA + IB + IC
= 3I0
E/F
IRESIDUAL is Balanced Load IRESIDUAL is /E Faults

zero for :- 3 Faults present for :- /Ø/E Faults
Ø/ Faults Open circuits (with
30
current in remaining phases)
Residual Voltage

Used to detect earth faults
Residual voltage is measured from
“Open Delta” or “Broken Delta” VT
secondary windings.
VRESIDUAL is zero for:-
Healthy unfaulted systems
3 Faults
/ Faults
VRESIDUAL is present for:-
VRESIDUAL = /E Faults

VA + VB + VC //E Faults
Open Circuits (on supply
= 3V0
side of VT)
31
Example

If the values of the fault currents in a three phase system are:
I A =150∠ 45 I B = 250∠150 I C =100∠ 300
Find the symmetrical components?
Solution:
VO 32
Example

If the values of the sequence voltages in a three phase system are:
Vo =100 V+ = 200∠60 V− =100∠120
Find the three phase voltages
Solution:
V A = 200∠60 +100∠120 +100
V A =300∠60
VB =1∠ 240( 200∠60 ) +1∠120( 100∠120 ) +100
VB =300∠ −60
VC =1∠120( 200∠60 ) +1∠ 240( 100∠120 ) +100 33
=0
Example

Evaluate the positive, negative and zero sequence components for the
unbalanced phase vectors :
VC
VA = 1 0
VB = 1.5 -90
VA
VC = 0.5 120
34
VB
Solution

VA1=1/3 (VA+ aVB + a2VC)
=1/3  1 + (1 120) (1.5 -90)+ (1 240) (0.5 120) 
=0.965 15
VA2=1/3 (VA + a2VB + aVC)

=1/3  1 + (1 240) (1.5 -90)+ (1 120) (0.5 120) 
=0.211 150
VA0 =1/3 (VA + VB + VC)

=1/3 (1 + 1.5 -90 + 0.5 120)
=0.434 -55
35
Positive Sequence Voltages
VC1 = aVA1

VA1 = 0.96515º
15º
VB1 = a2VA1
36
VA2 = 0.211150° VC2 = a2VA2 -55º
150º
VA0 = 0.434-55º
VB0 = -
VC0 = -
VB2 = aVA2
Zero Sequence
Negative Sequence Voltages
Voltages
37
Example
Evaluate the phase quantities Ia, Ib and Ic from the sequence components

IA1 = 0.6 0
IA2 = -0.4 0
IA0 = -0.2 0
Solution
IA = IA1 + IA2 + IA0 = 0
IB = 2IA1 + IA2 + IA0
= 0.6240 - 0.4120 - 0.20 = 0.91-109
IC = IA1 + 2IA2 + IA0
= 0.6120 - 0.4240 - 0.20 = 0.91-109

38
Transformer Zero Sequence
Impedance

P Q
ZT0
a a
P Q
b b
N0 39
General Zero Sequence Equivalent
Circuit for Two Winding Transformer

Primary Z T0 Secondary
Terminal 'a' 'a' Terminal
'b' 'b'
N0
On appropriate side of transformer :
Earthed Star Winding -Close link ‘a’

Open link ‘b’
Delta Winding -Open link ‘a’ 40

Close link ‘b’
Unearthed Star Winding -Both links open
Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuits

P S
P0 ZT0
a a S0
b b
N0 41

P S
P0 ZT0
a a S0
b b
N0 42

P S
P0 ZT0
a a S0
b b
N0 43

P S
P0 ZT0
a a S0
b b
N0 44
Zero components of two winding transformer

45
zero sequence network
For the power system whose one-line diagram is shown in figure

below sketch the zero sequence network.
The zero sequence network is drawn in Figure
46
Sequence Networks

 +ve, -ve and zero sequence networks are drawn for a
‘reference’ phase. This is usually taken as the ‘A’ phase.
 Faults are selected to be ‘balanced’ relative to the
reference ‘A’ phase.
e.g. For Ø/E faults consider an A-E fault

For Ø/Ø faults consider a B-C fault
 Sequence network interconnection is the simplest for the
reference phase.
47
Positive Sequence Diagram

E1
N1 Z1 F1
1. Start with neutral point N1

- All generator and load neutrals are connected to N1
2. Include all source EMF’s
- Phase-neutral voltage
3. Impedance network
- Positive sequence impedance per phase
4. Diagram finishes at fault point F1
48
Example
Generator Transformer
Line F

N
E
E1
N1 ZG1 ZT1 ZL1 I1 F1
V1
(N1)
V1 = Positive sequence PH-N voltage at fault point
I1 = Positive sequence phase current flowing into F1

49
V1 = E1 - I1 (ZG1 + ZT1 + ZL1)
Negative Sequence Diagram

N2 Z2 F2
1. Start with neutral point N2

- All generator and load neutrals are connected to N2
2. No EMF’s included
- No negative sequence voltage is generated!
3. Impedance network
- Negative sequence impedance per phase
4. Diagram finishes at fault point F2
50
Example Generator Transformer
Line F

N
R
System Single Line Diagram
V2
Negative Sequence Diagram (N2)
V2 = Negative sequence PH-N voltage at fault point
I2 = Negative sequence phase current flowing into F2

51
V2 = -I2 (ZG2 + ZT2 + ZL2)
Zero Sequence Diagram

For “In Phase” (Zero Phase Sequence) currents to flow in each phase of the
system, there must be a fourth connection (this is typically the neutral or earth
connection).
N IA0
IB0
IC0
IA0 + IB0 + IC0 = 3IA0

52

Resistance Earthed System :-
N
3IA0
Zero sequence voltage between N & E given by

R V0 = 3IA0.R
Zero sequence impedance of neutral to earth path
E Z0 = V0 = 3R IA0
53
Generator Transformer

Line F
N
RT
R
System Single Line Diagram
E
3R 3RT V0
E0 (N0)
Zero Sequence Network
V0 = Zero sequence PH-E voltage at fault point
I0 = Zero sequence current flowing into F0

54
V0 = -I0 (ZT0 + ZL0)
Interconnection of Sequence Networks
For any given fault there are 6 quantities to be considered at the fault point

i.e. VA VB VC IA IB IC
Relationships between these for any type of fault can be converted into an
equivalent relationship between sequence components
V1, V2, V0 and I1, I2 , I0
This is possible if :-
1) Any 3 phase quantities are known (provided they are not all
voltages or all currents) or
2) 2 are known and 2 others are known to have a specific
relationship.
From the relationship between sequence V’s and I’s, the manner in
which the isolation sequence networks are connected can be determined.
55
The connection of the sequence networks provides a single phase

representation (in sequence terms) of the fault.
To derive the system constraints at the fault terminals :-

F
IA IB IC
VA VB VC
56
Terminals are connected to represent the fault.
Line to Ground Fault on Phase ‘A’

IA IB IC
At fault point :-
VA = 0
VB = ?
VA VB VC
VC = ?
IA = ?
IB = 0
IC = 0
57
58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

Sequence and phase components for Unsymmetrical Fault
current and voltage expressions

67
Unsymmetrical Fault current and voltage expressions

68
Unsymmetrical Fault current and voltage expressions

69
Tutorial : Zero Sequence Network

70

71

72
Tutorial: Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical faults

73

74

75

76

Unsymmetrical Fault

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