PRESENTED BY:

MOMAR A. CAMPOS
A numeral system is a writing system for expressing
a number using digits or symbols in a consistent
manner.
UNARY NUMERAL SYSTEM

-a simplest numeral system, in which every natural numbers is

represented by a corresponding symbols.
Numeral system by culture/time period:
 Babylonian Numeration
 Ancient Egypt
 Ancient Greece
 Roman Empire
 The Mayans
 Hindu-Arabic Numerals
 Developed in
3400 B.C.
 Grouping by 10’s
 Additive system
Write the following numbers:
672
42,320
345
567,922
 Ciphered numeration system
 3000 B.C.
 500 B.C. – 100 A.D.
 Grouping , additivity
and subtraction
 Positional
 300 – 900 A.D.
 Place value system
 Base 20
 Introduced zero
 10 symbols
 Grouping by “tens”
 Place value
 Additive and multiplicative
 Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 A decimal number is a sequence of digits

 Decimal digits must be in the set:

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (Base 10)

 Each digit contributes to the value the number

represents

 The value contributed by a digit equals the product

of the digit times the weight of the position of the
digit in the number
 A binary sytem is a positional numeral system employing 2 as base
and requires only two diffirent symbols for its digits, 0 and 1.

Let’s analyze the binary number 110:

110 = (1 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20) =
(1 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)

Position weights 22 21 20
Number digits 1 1 0
0 x20 = 0 +
1 x21 = 2 +
1 x 22 = 4
6

 So a count of SIX is represented in binary as 110

 So in a computer, the only possible digits we can use
to encode data are {0,1}

 The numbering system that uses this set of digits is

the base 2 system (also called the Binary
Numbering System)

 We can apply all the principles of the base 10 system

to the base 2 system

Position weights 24 2 3 22 21 20
digits 1 0 1 1
 Example 1: 3578

positional powers of 8: 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 64 8 1

Octal number: 3 5 7

(3 x 64) + (5 x 8) + (7 x 1)

= 192 + 40 + 7 = 23910
 Base: 16
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

 Hexadecimal number: 1F416

= (1 x 162 ) + (F x 161) + (4 x 160)

 Which numeration system do you think works best?
Why?
 How important is zero in our Hindu Arabic System?
 Do you think our numeration system will continue to
evolve?