FIRST AID

INTRODUCTION
TO FIRST AID
FIRST AID
An immediate care given to an injured person
or suddenly ill before an efficient and
qualified medical care.
OBJECTIVES :

 PROLONG LIFE

 ALLEVIATE PAIN AND SUFFERING

 TO PREVENT FURTHER HARM AND INJURY

 TO GIVE PATIENT A RECOGNIZED

STANDARD OF CARE.
GOLDEN ROLE

To bridge the gap between the

ill/ injured from a medical care.
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES

commonly referred to as
“WOUNDS”

 injuries to the skin, muscle,

nerves and blood vessels.
CLOSED WOUND – injury to the soft
tissue beneath unbroken skin.

OPEN WOUND – A soft tissue

injury resulting in breaking of the skin.
Close wounds are generally caused by impact
with a blunt object.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE CLOSED WOUNDS?

 DEFORMITY
 DISCOLORATION
 SWELLING
 TENDERNESS
CARE FOR CLOSED WOUNDS
R - Rest
I - Ice
C - Compress
E - Elevate
S – Splinting
 Reminder: use PPE (personal protective equipment) and secure
scene
TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Scratches and Abrasions
(caused by scraping and grazing on the skin)

Lacerations
(cut skin with jagged edges)

Incision
(a cut with smooth edges)
ABRASION FIRST AID
- Inspect the wound for foreign matter.
- Swab with a diluted antiseptic solution.
- Cover with a light, dry dressing if necessary.

LACERATION and INCISION FIRST AID

 Quickly check the wound for foreign matter.
 Immediately apply pressure to stop any
bleeding.
 Apply a firm roller bandage.
 Rest and elevate injured limb if injuries
permit.
Penetration and Puncture Wounds
(injury from a sharp object)

Avulsion
(piece of skin/tissue torn loose and hanging from the body)
Puncture/ Penetration First Aid
- Inspect the wound — do not remove any
penetrating object.
- Apply pressure to stop any bleeding.
- Apply non-adherent pad or dressing.
- Apply a firm roller bandage.
- Rest and elevate injured limb if injuries
permit.
Avulsion First Aid
- Apply immediate pressure to stop any bleeding.
- Apply a large pad or dressing to the wound.
- Treat for shock.
- Rest and elevate injured limb if possible.
- Collect amputated part — keep dry, do not wash or
clean.
- Seal the amputated part in plastic bag or wrap in similar
waterproof material.
- Place in iced water — do not allow the part to come in
direct contact with ice.
- Remember — if the initial dressing doesn't stop the
bleeding, put another over the top — don't remove a
dressing once it is in place!.
- Ensure the amputated part travels to hospital with the
casualty.
CARE FOR OPEN WOUNDS
 Expose the wound

 Control Bleeding

 Prevent Contamination

 Dress and bandage.

 Cover the patient. “ keep the patient calm”

 Treat for shock.

 Transport patient as soon as possible.

 Reminder : use personal protective equipment and secure scene.

 SPRAINS-injury in which ligaments are
stretched or partially torn, commonly
associated with joint injuries.

 STRAINS- injury in which a muscle and

tendon are over-extended.
 DRESSING

Any material used to cover a wound that

helps control bleeding and also aids in the
prevention of additional contamination.
 BANDAGE

Any material use to hold a dressing in place.

 OCCLUSIVE DRESSING

Any water resistant material (plastic or waxed

paper) that is applied to a wound to prevent
the entry of air and loss of moisture from
internal organs.
 BULKY DRESSING

Multiple stacked dressings made to form single

dressing 2-3 cm thick, such as a thick sanitary
napkin or any similar material.
BANDAGING
A way of holding dressing in place
over a wound, to create pressure
over a bleeding wound for control
of hemorrhage, to secure a splint
to an injured part of the body,
and to provide support to an
injured part.
Parts of the Triangular Bandage
 Base
 Side
 Apex
 Face
PHASES OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

 OPEN FACE
 BROAD CRAVAT
 SEMI CRAVAT
 NARROWED CRAVAT
OPEN PHASE

 Head Bandage
 Face Bandage
 Chest Bandage
 Arm sling
CRAVAT PHASE
 Forehead bandage
 Neck bandage
 jaw bandage
 Shoulder Bandage
 Elbow Bandage
 Hip bandage
 Knee Bandage
 Palm Bandage
 Sprained Knee Bandage
 Leg bandage
 Roller Bandage

 Is used to hold dressings in place, to support

an injured part, to create pressure for control
of hemorrhage, and to secure a splint to an
injured part in order to immobilize it. The size
frequently used are 2” wide.
 Used to tie Bandages due to Easy tie-untie method,
neat and comfortable.
 Simply Right over left end, left over right and vice
versa.
 Slings
 Slings are used to support an injured arm, or to supplement treatment for
another injury such as fractured ribs. Generally, the most effective sling is
made with a triangular bandage. Every first aid kit, no matter how small,
should have at least two of these bandages as essential items.

 Although triangular bandages are preferable, any material, ex. tie, belt,
or piece of twine or rope, can be used in an emergency. If no likely
material is to hand, and injured arm can be adequately supported by
inserting it inside the casualty's shirt or blouse. Similarly, a safety pin
applied to a sleeve and secured to clothing on the chest may suffice.

 There are essentially three types of sling; the arm sling for injuries to the
forearm, the St John sling for injuries to the shoulder, and the 'collar-and-
cuff' or clove hitch for injuries to the upper arm and as supplementary
support to fractured ribs.

 On application of any sling, always check the circulation to the limb by

feeling for the pulse at the wrist, or squeezing a fingernail and observing
for change of color in the nail bed.
 The Arm Sling
 1. Support the injured forearm approximately parallel to
the ground with the wrist slightly higher than the elbow.

 2. Place an open triangular bandage between the body

and the arm, with its apex towards the elbow.

 3. Extend the upper point of the bandage over the

shoulder on the uninjured side.

 4. Bring the lower point up over the arm, across the

shoulder on the injured side to join the upper point and
tie firmly with a reef knot.

 5. Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess

bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety pin.
 FRACTURES

Fractures are breaks or cracks in the bone.

Another possible injuries to bones are
Dislocation.
 Kinds of Fractures

 Closed (Simple) - bones are broken but no

wounds (external) are seen.

 Open (Compound) - bones are broken with

connecting wound to the skin surface.
DISLOCATION
 Injury in which a bone is moved
out of its normal position in a joint
and remains that way.
 Signs and Symptoms of
Musculoskeletal Injuries
 Swelling.
 Pain upon moving the area above the injured
part.
 Discoloration
 Tenderness.
 Deformity
 Reminder :
always immobilize / stabilize the injured part

 If bone is injured , stabilize on the joints

 If joint is injured, stabilize on the bone
 Purposes of Immobilizing
Fractures
 A fracture is immobilized to prevent the sharp
edges of the bone from moving and cutting
tissue, muscle, blood vessels, and nerves. This
reduces pain and helps prevent or control shock.
In a closed fracture immobilization keeps bone
fragments from causing an open wound and
prevents contamination and possible infection.
First Aid for OPEN FRACTURE
 Stop Bleeding
 Apply dressing and bandage
 Immobilize the injured area.
 splint
 Care for shock.
 Transport properly.
 Send to physician.
Splinting

 Splinting is the technique to secure the part

of the body that is injured to decrease further
damage or injury to that part of the body, and
to make the individual more comfortable
until treatment can be initiated.
 Splint to immobilize
 Purposes of Splinting

 Immobilize a possibly fractured part of the

body.
 Lessen Pain.
 Prevent further damage to soft tissues.
 Reduce the risk of serious bleeding.
 Reduce the possibility of loss of circulation
in the injured part.
 Prevent closed fractures from becoming
open fractures.
Basic Principles of Splinting
 Splint only if you can do it without causing
more pain or discomfort to the victim.
 Splint an injury in the position you find it.
 Apply splints so that it immobilizes the
fractured bone and the joints above and below
the fracture.
 Check circulation before and after splinting.
 DAGHANG SALAMAT…..