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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Block diagram
 Power supply
 Microcontroller
 PID/Fuzzy logic
 BLDC Motor
 Opto-isolator
 MOSFET
 IR LED & Photodiode
 Keypad
 LCD
 Software requirements
 Schematic & Working of the project
 Advantages
 Applications
 Future scope
 Conclusion
Project overview
 Based on the principle of PWM controlled BLDC
motor on closed loop feedback giving RPM reference
of the motor by a shaft mounted IR sensor is fed to the
control the circuit.
 A display unit displays the full speed and one can enter
the desired percentage to reduce the speed.
 The pulse width would be automatically adjusted to
maintain the DC power to the motor such that the
entered speed percentage matches the RPM.
 The above operation is carried out by using one opto
isolator and a MOSFET for driving the BLDC motor IR
sensing is used for getting the speed reference to the
microcontroller as error signal.
Block diagram
Power supply
Step down transformer Bridge rectifier Filter Regulator
Contd..
 The 230V AC supply is first stepped down to 12V AC
using a step down transformer.
 This is then converted to DC using bridge rectifier.
 The AC ripples is filtered out by using a capacitor and
given to the input pin of voltage regulator 7805.
 At output pin of this regulator we get a constant 5V DC
which is used for MC and other ICs in this project.
Microcontroller
 It is a smaller computer
 Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM Microcontroller
Port
Port
Block diagram of MC
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrup program On-chip Timer 1 Counter
t code RAM Inputs
Control Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports Port
OSC Control

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD

Address/Data
Features of MC
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Memory
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Pin description
Power on Reset circuit
+5V

+
10 uF
31
EA/VPP
X1
30 pF 19
11.0592 MHz
8.2 K
X2
18
30 pF
9 RST
BLDC motor
 Standard DC motor -- Magnetic field is
stationary in stator, rotor poles switch
polarity due to commutation to provide
constant rotation.

 Brushless DC motor -- Magnetic field of

rotor is fixed. Magnetic field in stator
poles is electronically commutated,
provides rotating magnetic field.

 Motor contains internal position encoder

to provide position feedback to the
control system.
Contd..
 Applications
- CPU cooling fans
- CD/DVD Players
- Electric automobiles
 Pros (compared to brushed DC)
- Higher efficiency
- Longer lifespan, low maintenance
- Clean, fast, no sparking/issues with brushed
contacts
 Cons
- Higher cost
- More complex circuitry and requires a controller.
Opto-isolator
 Opto coupler is a 6 pin IC. It is a
combination of 1 LED and a transistor.
 Pin 6 of transistor is not generally used
and when light falls on the Base-Emitter
junction then it switches and pin5 goes to zero.
 If input of the diode is zero and other end of diode is GND
then the output is one.
 When logic zero is given as input then the light doesn’t fall on
transistor so it doesn’t conduct which gives logic zero as
output.
 When logic 1 is given as input then light falls on transistor so
that it conducts, that makes transistor switched ON and it
forms short circuit this makes the output is logic zero as
collector of transistor is connected to ground.
 MOSFET
 The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor) is a Voltage controlled device.
 This means that a voltage at the gate control the current
flows from the drain to the source.
 There are three terminals: Gate - connected to the input
device.
 Drain - connected to the positive, since electrons drain
away to the positive. Source - the source of the electrons
 Contd..
 USES OF MOSFETS High power devices like motors and
light bulbs give a large current output for a very tiny
current input.
 So a MOSFET can act as the interface between an
integrated circuit that can give only a tiny current, and
the motor that takes a big current.
 In complimentary pairs they are used in hi-fi power
amplifiers.
 They produce less distortion as they are more linear than
bipolar transistors.
 Integrated circuits, as they can be made very compact.
IR LED
 Here the IR transmitter is like a
normal LED but transmits the IR
signals.

 These are infrared LEDs; the light output is not

visible by our eyes. They can be used as replacement
LEDs for remote controls, night vision for
camcorders, invisible beam sensors, etc.
 Photodiode
 Here the photodiode is like a
normal LED but receives the
IR signals.
 A photodiode is a type of
photo detector capable
of converting light into either
current or voltage, depending
upon the mode of operation.
Keypad
 A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad"
which usually bear digits, symbols and usually a complete set
of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it
can also be called a numeric keypad.

 In order to detect which key is pressed from the matrix, the

row lines are to be made low one by one and read the
columns. Assume that if Row1 is made low, then read the
columns.

 If any of the key in row1 is pressed then correspondingly the

column 1will give low that is if second key is pressed in Row1,
then column2 will give low.
Liquid Crystal Display-LCD
 Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
 This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
 The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.
Contd..
 If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data
lines(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
 The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and
RW
 EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending
it data)
 RS=Register Select. When RS=0; data is treated as a
command & When RS=1; data being sent is text data.
 R/W=Read/Write . When RW=0; the data written to
the LCD & When RW=0; the data reading to the LCD.
Software requirements
 Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro
assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators,
integrated environments, evaluation boards, and
emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
 Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level
Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce
an output object code for the underlying
microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.
Contd..
 i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile
the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).
 For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.
 Working of project
 The speed of the motor is sensed
by an IR pair and is displayed on
LCD and is also fed to the MC.
 The required speed is entered
using a keypad which is interfaced
with MC.
 The motor is interfaced to the MC
through a opto-coupler & a
MOSFET which drives the motor.
 PWM pulses are generated from
MC according to the entered speed
and the motor is adjusted to that
speed and maintained at that
speed.