INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITALITY

MANAGEMENT
Fifth Edition

CHAPTER 10
Recreation,
Attractions, and
Clubs

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Introduction to Hospitality
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 Chapter Objectives

• After reading and studying this chapter,

the student should be able to do the
following:
1. Discuss the relationship of recreation
and leisure to wellness.
2. Explain the origins and extent of
government-sponsored recreation.
3. Distinguish between commercial and
noncommercial recreation.
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 Chapter Objectives

• After reading and studying this chapter,

the student should be able to do the
following:
4. Name and describe various types of
recreational clubs.
5. Identify some of the major attractions
in the United States.
6. Describe the operations of a country
club.

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Recreation, Leisure, and Wellness

• The term burnout—and indeed the

word stress—has become a part of our
everyday vocabulary.
• Recreation is all about creating a
balance, a harmony in life that will
maintain wellness and wholeness.

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Recreation, Leisure, and Wellness

• Recreation allows people to have fun

together and to form lasting
relationships built on the experiences
they have enjoyed together.
– This is called bonding.
• The word recreation implies the use of
time in a manner designed for
therapeutic refreshment of one’s body
or mind.
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Recreation, Leisure, and Wellness

• Leisure is best described as time free

from work, or discretionary time.
• Some recreation professionals use the
words leisure and recreation
interchangeably.

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 Government-Sponsored
Recreation
• Various levels of government that
constitute government-sponsored
recreation are intertwined, yet distinct,
in the parks, recreation, and leisure
services.

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 Government-Sponsored
Recreation
• The founding fathers of America said it
best when they affirmed the right to
life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness in the Declaration of
Independence.
• Government raises revenue from
income taxes, sales taxes, and property
taxes.

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 Government-Sponsored
Recreation
• Additionally, government raises special
revenue from recreation-related
activities such as automobile and
recreational vehicles, boats, motor
fuels, transient occupancy taxes (TOTs)
on hotel accommodations, state
lotteries, and others.
• Recreation professionals face a number
of political and legal concepts.
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 Government-Sponsored
Recreation
• Comprehensive planning, land
classification systems, land-use
planning, funding, and differences in
purpose are among the factors to be
considered.

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National Parks in the United States

• The United States has designated 407

national park units throughout the
country, including a rich diversity of
places and settings and 80 million acres
of land.

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National Parks in the United States

• The National Parks Service was founded

in 1916 by Congress to conserve park
resources and to provide for their use
by the public in a way that leaves them
unimpaired for the enjoyment of future
generations.
• Annual visitation to the National Park
system approaches 300 million visitors.

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National Parks in the United States

• Today, emphasis is placed on

preserving the vitality of each park’s
ecosystem and on the protection of
unique or endangered plant and animal
species.

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 National Park Management

• The National Park Service is in the

Department of the Interior and is
overseen by a director who reports to
the Secretary of the Interior.
• There are 407 National Parks divided
into seven regions.

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 National Park Management

• The Director of the National Park

Service establishes and approves
service-wide natural resource policies
and standards.
• The National Park Service budget for
2014–2015 is $3 billion, and it employs
a staff of 22,000.

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 National Park Management

• Beyond these appropriated funds, the

National Park Service is also authorized to
collect and retain revenue from specified
sources: Recreation fees: approximately
$172.9 million per year; Park concessions
franchise fees: approximately $60 million
per year; Filming and photography special
use fees: approximately $1.2 million per
year.

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 National Park Management

• Additional funding comes from

individual donations.

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 Public Recreation and Park
Agencies
• By the early 1900s, fourteen cities had
made provisions for supervised play
facilities, and the playground
movement gained momentum.
• About the same time, municipal parks
were created in a number of cities.

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 Public Recreation and Park
Agencies
• Boston established the first
metropolitan park system in 1892.
• In 1898, the New England Association
of Park Superintendents (predecessor
of the American Institute of Park
Executives) was established to bring
together park superintendents and
promote their professional concerns.

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 Commercial Recreation:
Attractions
• Recreation management came of age in
the 1920s and 1930s when recreation
and social programs were offered as a
community service.
• College degrees began to be offered in
recreation management.
• Both public and private sector
recreation management have grown
rapidly since 1950.
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 Commercial Recreation:
Attractions
• Commercial recreation, often called
eco- or adventure tourism, provides
residents and visitors with access to an
area’s spectacular wilderness through a
variety of guided, outdoor activities.

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 Commercial Recreation:
Attractions
• Specifically, commercial recreation is
defined as outdoor recreational
activities provided on a fee-for-service
basis, with a focus on experiences
associated with the natural
environment.
• Commercial recreation includes theme
parks, attractions, and clubs.

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 Theme Parks

• Knott’s Berry Farm has truly been a

great influence on the American theme
park industry.
• Hundreds of parks, both independent
and corporate owned, started to
develop following the birth of Knott’s.

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Size and Scope of the Theme Park
Industry
• Theme parks create an atmosphere of
different places and times and usually
concentrate on a dominant theme.
• Architecture, landscaping, shows, and
merchandise are all focused on the
theme.

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Size and Scope of the Theme Park
Industry
• Theme parks and attractions vary
according to theme, which might be
historical, cultural, geographical, and so
on.
• Some parks and attractions focus on a
single theme (Sea World parks); other
parks and attractions focus on multiple
themes, such as King’s Island in Ohio.

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Walt Disney: A Man with a Vision

• Walt Disney said that Disneyland really

began when he took his two young
daughters to the park.
• He felt there should be some kind of
family park where parents and children
could have fun together.

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Walt Disney: A Man with a Vision

• Mickey and Minnie Mouse first appeared

in Steamboat Willie, which also
incorporated music and sound, on
November 18, 1928.
• Huge audiences were ecstatic about the
work of the Disney Brothers, who
became overnight successes.

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Walt Disney: A Man with a Vision

• During the next few years, Walt and

Roy made many Mickey Mouse films,
which earned them enough to develop
other projects, including full-length
motion pictures in Technicolor.

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Walt Disney: A Man with a Vision

• Both Walt Disney World and Disneyland

have excellent college intern programs
that enable selected students and
faculty to work in a variety of hotel,
foodservice, and related park positions.

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 Magic Kingdom

• The heart of Walt Disney World, and its

first famous theme park, is the Magic
Kingdom.
• It is a giant theatrical stage where
guests become part of exciting Disney
adventures.

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 Magic Kingdom

• It is also the home of Mickey Mouse,

Snow White, Peter Pan, Tom Sawyer,
Davy Crockett, and the Swiss Family
Robinson.
• More than forty major shows and ride-
through attractions, not to mention
shops and unique dining facilities, fill its
seven lands of imagination.

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 Epcot

• Epcot is a unique, permanent, and

ever-changing world’s fair with two
major themes: Future World and World
Showcase.
• Future World shows amazing
technology for the near future.

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 Epcot

• Around the World Showcase Lagoons

are pavilions where guests can see
world-famous landmarks and enjoy
native foods, entertainments, and
culture.

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 Disney’s Hollywood Studios

• With fifty major shows, shops,

restaurants, ride-through adventures,
and backstage tours, Disney’s
Hollywood Studios (formerly Disney–
MGM Studios) combines real, working
motion picture, animation, and
television studios with exciting movie
attractions.

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 Disney’s Hollywood Studios

• Walt Disney World is the most popular

destination resort in the world.
• Since its opening in 1971, millions of
guests, including kings and celebrities
from around the world and all eight
U.S. presidents in office since the
opening (excluding President Obama),
have visited the parks.

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 Universal Studios

• Universal Studios Hollywood has been

giving guided tours on its famous
movie sets for almost forty years, and
tens of thousands of people visit
Universal every day.
• Since its founding, Universal Studios
has become the most formidable
competitor facing the Walt Disney
Company.
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 Universal Studios

• In addition to its Hollywood and

Orlando parks, Universal has since
expanded into Singapore and Japan
with future locations planned for Dubai,
United Arab Emirates and Seoul, South
Korea.

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 Universal Studios

• One reason for Universal’s success is its

adaptation of movies into thrill rides;
another is its commitment to guest
participation.

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 Sea World Parks and
Entertainment
• SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment
includes Busch Gardens and is a
division of Blackstone Group.
• The animal parks not only offer guests
from around the world the opportunity
to see and experience the wonders of
many marine and land animals, but
they also have highly developed
educational programs.
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 Sea World Parks and
Entertainment
• The company is dedicated to preserving
marine life. It uses innovative programs
to research various wildlife dilemmas.
• It also participates in breeding, animal
rescue, rehabilitation, and conservation
efforts throughout the year.

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 Hershey’s

• It was at the 1893 World’s Columbian

Exposition in Chicago that Hershey first
became fascinated with the art of
chocolate.
• He opened his new establishment in
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and named it
the Hershey Chocolate Company.

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 Hershey’s

• In the 1900s, the company started to

produce mass quantities of milk
chocolate, which resulted in immediate
success.
• In 1907, Milton Hershey opened
Hershey Park as a leisure park for
employees of Hershey’s company to
relax and have some fun when they
were not on the job.
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 Hershey’s

• In 1908, the park started its soon-to-be

huge expansion with the addition of a
merry-go-round.
• In 1971, the park underwent
redevelopment to turn the small
regional park into a large theme park.

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 Hershey’s

• In addition, the company decided to

add a one-time admission fee to
eliminate the pay-as-you-ride policy
and changed its name from Hershey
Park to Hersheypark.
• Today, the park sits on more than 110
acres and is the home of more than
sixty rides and attractions.

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 Regional Theme Parks

• The Florida Attractions Association,

founded in 1949, is a trade association
representing 90-plus family-oriented
attractions, including
– Astronaut, historical, cultural, military,
and scientific museums
– Botanical gardens
– Castles
– Collections of the unique and different
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 Regional Theme Parks

• The Florida Attractions Association,

founded in 1949, is a trade association
representing 90-plus family-oriented
attractions, including
– Dinner entertainments
– Dolphin and marine parks
– Exhibitions of alligators, lions, monkeys,
parrots, butterflies, and manatees
– Native American villages
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 Regional Theme Parks

• The Florida Attractions Association,

founded in 1949, is a trade association
representing 90-plus family-oriented
attractions, including
– Musical entertainment complexes
– Sightseeing trains, cruises, and boat
tours
– State parks
– Theme parks
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 Regional Theme Parks

• The Florida Attractions Association,

founded in 1949, is a trade association
representing 90-plus family-oriented
attractions, including
– Towers
– Water parks, and
– Zoological parks.

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 Regional Theme Parks

• Dollywood, owned by Dolly Parton and

located in the Great Smoky Mountains
in Tennessee.
• Legoland, Owned by Lego Group with
four locations in England, Germany,
California, and Denmark.

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 Regional Theme Parks

• GatorLand, a 110-acre theme park and

wildlife preserve located in Florida.
• Wet’n Wild, a chain of water parks in
Florida and North Carolina.

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 Animal Attractions

• Zoos
– Approximately 181 million people visit a
U.S. zoo every year.
– The first zoo in the United States was
the Philadelphia Zoo, built in 1859.
– Even today, zoos are extremely popular
in the United States and Canada, and
almost every major city has one.

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 San Diego Zoo, California

• The world-famous San Diego Zoo is

located in historic Balboa Park in
downtown San Diego, California.
• Founded in 1916 by Dr. Henry
Wegeworth, the zoo’s original collection
totaled 50 animals.

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 San Diego Zoo, California

• Today, it is home to over 4,000 animals

of more than 800 different species.
• The zoo also features a prominent
botanical collection with more than
700,000 exotic plants.

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 Other Attractions

• The National Zoo

– The National Zoological Park in
Washington, D.C., is part of the
respected Smithsonian Institution.
– More than 2,000 animals from nearly
400 species make their home in this
zoo.

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 Other Attractions

• Aquariums
– Aquariums are attractions that provide
thrilling educational experiences to
millions of tourists each year.
– They are also multi-million-dollar
showpieces, displaying creatures vastly
different from us who dwell on land.

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 Historic Places and Sites

• The first sites visited in recorded

history were the Seven Wonders of the
ancient world, which included
– The Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt)
– The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
(modern-day Iraq)
– The Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Greece)
– The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
(modern-day Turkey)
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 Historic Places and Sites

• The first sites visited in recorded

history were the Seven Wonders of the
ancient world, which included
– The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
(modern-day Turkey)
– The Colossus of Rhodes (Greece), and
– The Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt).

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 Historic Places and Sites

• Historic places, sites, and museums are

a part of what is now called heritage
tourism.
• Heritage tourism has gained
prominence in recent years, particularly
with baby boomers and older adults.

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 Historic Places and Sites

• The National Register of Historic Places

is the United States’ official list of
districts, sites, buildings, structures,
and objects worthy of preservation.
• The more than 85,000 listings
represent significant icons of American
culture, history, engineering, and
architecture.

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 Historic Places and Sites

• Consider the following for a look at a

few of the most important U.S.
historical attractions:
– Monticello
– The Alamo
– The French Quarter in New Orleans
– The Martin Luther King Jr. National
Historic Site in Atlanta

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 Historic Places and Sites

• Consider the following for a look at a

few of the most important U.S.
historical attractions:
– The Grand Ole Opry in Nashville,
– The Freedom Trail in Boston, and
– The Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.

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 Museums

• Some experts have speculated that

people visit museums because of some
innate fascination with the past and
with diverse cultures.
• Nobody knows for sure, but it is a fact
that the number of museums in the
United States has more than
quadrupled since 1950.

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 Museums

• There are many types of museums,

including general, art, science and
technology, natural history, history,
and military.
• The Smithsonian Museum
– This well-known institution now holds
almost 140 million artifacts, works of
art, and specimens, and is visited by
more than 30 million people a year.
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 Museums

• The Field Museum, Chicago

– The Field Museum, founded in 1893 in
Chicago, is a “unique institution of
public learning that utilizes its
collections, researchers, exhibits, and
educational programs to increase public
knowledge . . . of the world.”

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 Performance Arts

• Theaters once were immensely

important.
• In a time before people had access to
modern inventions like radio or
television, books and theater were the
only entertainment available.

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 Performance Arts

• Theater is no longer attractive only to

the upper classes; affordable prices
make it reasonable entertainment for
almost anyone.

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 Destinations

• Athens, Greece
– Athens, the capital city of Greece, is one
of the world’s oldest cities—the cradle of
Western civilization and the birthplace
of democracy; a center for the arts,
learning, and philosophy; and home of
Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum.

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 Destinations

• London
– London was once the center of an
empire that included approximately one
quarter of the globe, and as the name
suggests; history, pageantry, royalty,
theater, shopping, museums, music,
fashion, and now even food.

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 Destinations

• Paris
– Paris is a city of beautiful buildings,
boulevards, parks, markets, and
restaurants and cafés.
– In time, Paris grew onto the Left Bank
(Rive Gauche), where the University of
the Sorbonne was founded.

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 Destinations

• Paris
– The university provided instruction in
Latin, so it became known as the
Quartier Latin, or Latin Quarter.

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 Destinations

• Rome
– They say, “All roads lead to Rome.”
Rome, the Eternal City, also called the
“Cradle of Civilization,” is built on seven
hills beside the Tiber River, with
centuries of history that seem to exude
from every building.

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 Managing Attractions

• Theme park managers use the same

main management functions: planning,
including forecasting; organizing;
decision-making; and controlling.
• Planning involves two types of
planning: strategic (long term) and
tactical (short term).

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 Managing Attractions

• Decision-making can be quick and easy

for the many programmed decisions—
decisions that occur on a regular basis.
• Controlling is constantly checking to
make sure that the results were what
they should be.

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 Managing Attractions

• Attractions management is all about

keeping the quality of product and
guest service at the highest levels.
• It boils down to revenue minus
expenses equal net profit.

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 Clubs

• Private clubs are places where

members gather for social,
recreational, professional, or fraternal
reasons.
• Members enjoy bringing friends, family,
and business guests to their club.

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 Clubs

• Their club is like a second home, but

with diverse facilities and staff to
accommodate the occasion.
• Many business deals are negotiated on
the golf course.
• A few years ago, country clubs were
often considered to be bastions of the
social elite.

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 Clubs

• New clubs are born when a developer

purchases a tract of land and builds a
golf course with a clubhouse
surrounded by homes or
condominiums.
• The homes are sold and include a
membership to the club.

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 Clubs

• After all the homes are sold, the

developer announces that the golf
course and clubhouse will be sold to an
investor who wishes to open it to the
public.

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 Size and Scope of the Club
Industry
• There are a few thousand private clubs
in North America, including both
country and city clubs.
• When the total resources of all the
clubs are considered, such as land,
buildings, and equipment, along with
thousands of employees and so forth,
clubs have billions of dollars of
economic impact.

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 Club Management

• Club management is similar in many

ways to hotel management.
• The general managers of clubs now
assume the role of chief operating
officer (COO), and in some cases chief
executive officer of the corporation.

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 Club Management

• The main difference between managing

a club and managing a hotel is that
with clubs the guests feel as if they are
the owners (in many cases they are)
and frequently behave as if they are
the owners.
• Another difference is that most clubs do
not offer sleeping accommodations.

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 Club Management

• Club members pay an initiation fee to

belong to the club and annual
membership dues thereafter.
• Some clubs also charge a set utilization
fee, usually related to food and
beverages, which is charged regardless
of whether those services are used.

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 Club Management Structure

• The internal management structure of a

club is governed by a constitution and
bylaws.
• The members elect the officers and
directors of the club.
• The officers establish policies by which
the club will operate.
• Committees also play an important part
in the club’s activities.
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 Club Management Structure

• The president presides at all official

meetings and is a leader in
policymaking.

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 Club Management Structure

• The basic level of competency required

of a general manager (GM) or COO is
management of club’s operations,
which includes
– Private club management
– Food and beverage
– Accounting and financial management
– Human and professional resources
– Building and facilities management
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 Club Management Structure

• The basic level of competency required

of a general manager (GM) or COO is
management of club’s operations,
which includes
– External and governmental influences
– Management, marketing, and
– Sports and recreation.

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 Club Management Structure

• The second tier of the model is

mastering the skills of asset
management.
• Today’s GM or COO must be able to
manage the physical property, the
financial well-being, and the human
resources of the club.

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 Club Management Structure

• The third and final tier of the new

model is preserving and fostering the
culture of the club, which can be
defined as the club’s traditions, history,
governance, and vision.

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 Types of Clubs

• Country Clubs
– Nearly all country clubs have one or
more lounges and restaurants, and
most have banquet facilities.
– The banquet facilities are used for
formal and informal parties, dinners,
dances, weddings, and so on, by
members and their personal guests.
– Country clubs have two types of
memberships: full and social.
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 Types of Clubs

• Country Clubs
– Full members are able to use all of the
facilities at all times.
– Social members are able to attend only
social facilities.

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 Types of Clubs

• City clubs are predominantly business

oriented, although some have rules
prohibiting the discussion of business
and the reviewing of business-related
documents in dining rooms.
• They vary in size, location, type of
facility, and services offered.

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 Types of Clubs

• Some of the older, established clubs

own their own buildings; others lease
space.
• Clubs exist to cater to the wants and
needs of members.
• Clubs fall in the following categories;
professional, social, athletic, dining,
university, military, yachting, fraternal,
and proprietary.
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 Types of Clubs

• Professional clubs are for people in the

same profession.
• Social clubs concentrate on serving the
social needs of members who are from
similar socioeconomic backgrounds.
• Athletic clubs provide an outlet for
working out, dining, and meeting.
– Some have sleeping quarters.

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 Types of Clubs

• Dining clubs are usually located in large

office buildings.
• University clubs are reserved for
alumni.
• Military clubs cater to both non-
commissioned officers and enlisted
officers.

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 Types of Clubs

• Fraternal clubs include many special

organizations such as the Veterans of
Foreign Wars, Elks, and the Shriners.
• Proprietary clubs are operated on a for-
profit basis by corporations or
individuals.
• People wanting to become members
purchase a membership, not a share in
the club.
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 Sustainable Golf Course
Management
• The golf course industry recognizes
sustainability as “meeting the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.”

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 Sustainable Golf Course
Management
• Sustainable practices include the
following; reducing energy during peak
times, holding departments
accountable for energy consumption,
and recycling.
• As landfill disposal costs rise, recycling
becomes even more important.

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 Sustainable Golf Course
Management
• Golf courses can improve their
sustainability by improving grass and
plant selection and by using well water
and organic fertilization.

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 Noncommercial Recreation

• Noncommercial recreation includes

voluntary organizations, campus,
armed forces, and employee recreation,
as well as recreation for special
populations.

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 Noncommercial Recreation

• Voluntary Organizations
– Voluntary organizations are
nongovernmental, nonprofit agencies,
serving the public-at-large or selected
elements with multiservice programs
that often include a substantial element
of recreational opportunities.
– Examples include: Boys Scouts, Girl
Scouts, YMCA, and YWCA.
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 Noncommercial Recreation

• A multipurpose club has more exclusive

recreation programs than a health club.
• Some clubs offer automatic bank
tellers, laundry and dry cleaning
services, and other services.

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 Noncommercial Recreation

• Revenues come from membership fees,

food and beverage sales, facility
rentals, etc.
• Human resources account for 66% of
expenses at most clubs.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Campus Recreation
– North America’s colleges and
universities provide a major setting for
organized leisure and recreational
programs with services involving
millions of participants each year.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Campus Recreation
– The programs include involvement by
campus recreation offices, intramural
departments, student unions, residence
staffs, or other sponsors.
– The various recreational activities help
in maintaining good morale on campus.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Armed Forces Recreation
– The Department of Defense has an
official policy regarding the obligation of
maintaining well-rounded morale,
welfare, and recreational programs for
the physical, social, and mental well-
being of its personnel.
– These services are provided under the
auspices of the Morale, Welfare and
Recreation Program (MWR).
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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Armed Forces Recreation
– Recreation is seen as an important part
of the employee benefit package for
military personnel, along with the G.I.
bill, medical services, commissaries, and
exchanges.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Employee Recreation
– Businesses and industry have realized
the importance of promoting employees’
efficiency.
– Experts have found that workers who
spend time in constructive recreational
activities have reduced absenteeism.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Recreation for Special Populations
– Recreation for special populations
involves professionals and organizations
that have a responsibility for serving
groups such as the mentally ill, mentally
retarded, or the physically disabled.

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 Campus, Armed Forces, and
Employee Recreation
• Recreation for Special Populations
– The Special Olympics is an international
program of physical fitness, sports
training, and athletic competition for
children and adults with mental
disabilities.

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Trends in Recreation and Leisure

• Trends include advancements in rides

and attractions, more fitness centers,
reinvestment leading to increased
competition, blurring the lines in
product development for theme parks,
custom VIP experiences, shopping
entertainment parks, and national and
state parks investing in infrastructure
to become a destination for events.

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