CHAPTER 4

THERMOCHEMISTRY
A. Energy Changes in Chemical
Reaction
B. Heat of Precipitation
C. Heat of Displacement
D. Heat of Neutralization
E. Heat of Combustion

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A_Energy Changes
in Chemical
Reactions

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Learning Objectives
After this lesson, you should be able to:
• State what exothermic and endothermic reactions are
• Identify exothermic and endothermic reactions
• Give examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions
• Construct energy level diagram for both endothermic
and exothermic reactions
• Interpret energy level diagram
• Interrelate energy change with formation and breaking
of bonds
• Descibe the application of knowledge of exothermic and
endothermic reactions in everyday life.

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 Energy Changes in Chemical
Reactions
• In most chemical reactions, there is an energy change.
• Generally, heat energy is either given out or absorbed
during chemical reactions.
• Thermochemistry is a study of changes in heat energy
which take place during chemical reactions.

Energy Changes Example

Chemical Energy  Heat Energy  Combustion of chemical
Light Energy substance in the air
Heat Energy  Kinetic Energy  Steam moves the dynamo to
Electrical Energy produce electricity
Electrical Energy  Chemical Electrolysis
Energy
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• Unit for energy is Joule (J)
• 1 kJ = 1000 J
• There are two types of chemical Reactions
– Exothermic Reactions
– Endothermic Reactions

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 Exothermic Reaction
• An exothermic reaction is a chemical
reaction that gives out heat to the
surroundings.
• In an exothermic reaction
 chemical energy is converted to heat
energy
 heat is given out to the surroundings
 temperature of surroundings increases
 surroundings includes the container
and any solvent the reaction takes
place.

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 Examples of Exothermic Reactions
involving physical change

1. Condensation process
2. Freezing process
3. Dissolving of alkalis and acids in water
(especially concentrated acids)
4. Dissolving of anhydrous salts in water

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 Examples of Exothermic Reactions
involving chemical change
1. Combustion of fuels
2. Oxidation of food in the respiration process
3. The rusting of Iron
4. Dissolving soluble bases(metal oxides) in water
5. Neutralization Reactions
6. Reaction between acids and metals or carbonates
7. Displacement reaction
8. Haber Process in manufacture of ammonia
9. Contact Process in the production of sulphur trioxide

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 Endothermic Reaction
• An Endothermic reaction is a
chemical reaction that absorbs heat
from the surroundings.
• In endothermic reaction

 heat energy is converted to chemical

energy
 heat energy is being absorbed from
the surroundings
 the temperature of surrounding
decreases

 Heat absorbed in the reaction is

absorbed from surrounding such as
container, so container become
cool.
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Examples of Endothermic Reactions
involving physical change

1. The dissolving of ammonium salts in

water
2. The dissolving of crystalline sallts such as
CuSO4.5H2O, MgSO4.7H2O and
Na2CO3.10H2O
3. Melting process
4. Evaporation and boiling process

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Examples of Endothermic Reactions
involving chemical change
1. The reaction between acids and sodium or
potassium hydrogen carbonate( NaHCO3 ,
KHCO3)
2. Thermal decomposition of salts
• ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2
3. Thermal dissociation of salts
• NH4Cl  NH3 + HCl
4. Photosynthesis
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Exothermic & Endothermic Reaction

• During a chemical reaction, heat energy is

given out or absorbed.
• These energy can be measured
• These heat is called the heat of reaction,
H.
 H is negative when heat is given out.
 H is positive when heat is absorbed during
the reaction
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 Energy Level Diagram
In an exothermic reaction:

The reactants lose heat energy to form products.

The products formed have less energy content
than the reactants.
H is negative

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 Energy Level Diagram
exothermic reaction
Energy

Reactants
 H = negative

Products

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 Example of ELD
exothermic reaction
Energy

CH4 + 2O2
 H = – 900 kJ mol–1

CO2 + 2H2O

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 Energy Level Diagram
In an endothermic reaction:

The reactants absorb heat energy from the surroundings

to form the products.
The products formed have higher energy content than
the reactants.
H is positive

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 Energy Level Diagram
endothermic reaction

Energy
Products

 H = positive

Reactants

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 Energy Level Diagram
endothermic reaction

Energy
CaO + CO2

 H = + 570 kJmol-1

CaCO3

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Energy Change during Formation
and Breaking of Bonds

A chemical reaction involves bond

breaking and bond formation.

Bond breaking always requires energy.

Bond formation always releases energy.

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Energy Change during Formation
and Breaking of Bonds

If bond formation releases more energy than is

required in the bond breaking, the excess energy
is released to the surrounding as heat.

(heat absorbed < heat released)

 H = negative

This happens in an exothermic reaction

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Energy Change during Formation
and Breaking of Bonds

If bond breaking requires more energy

than is releases in the bond formation

(heat absorbed > heat released)

 H = positive

This happens in an endothermic reaction

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Application of Exothermic and
Endothermic Reactions
Ice packs and hot packs are used to reduce
swelling and pain due to muscle or joint
sprain.
In hospital, cold packs are put on the
foreheads of patients to reduce fever.

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Application of Exothermic and
Endothermic Reactions

Solid NaOH (lye) is a common drain

cleaner.
Dissolving lye in water is an exothermic
process and heat liberated may melt the
grease, allowing it to be flushed from a
clogged drainpipe.

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 Heat of Reaction

• The change in the amount of heat in a

chemical reaction is called the Heat of
Reaction.
• Is given the symbol, H
• Unit of Heat of Reaction = kJmol-1

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 Determination of the
Heat of Reaction, H

• The amount of heat released or absorbed in

a reaction can be determined by using
formula:
H = m  c  

m = mass of solution (g)

c = specific heat capacity ( Jg-1°C-1)
 = change in temperature of solution( °C )

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ASSUMPTIONS WHEN CALCULATING
H = mc

***** assumed in any aqueous solution

1cm3 = 1 g
***** No loss of heat energy to the surroundings or
gain of heat energy from the surroundings.

***** the container, the thermometer and all other

apparatus used in the experiment absorb a
negligible amount of heat.

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Example of Calculation of H
Example 1
When 50cm3 of NaOH is mixed with
40cm3 sulphuric acid, the mixture solution
temperature changes from 28°C to 43 °C .
Calculate the heat change for the reaction.
[ specific heat capacity of water
: 4.2 J g–1 °C –1
density of solution : 1 g cm–3 ]
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Solution:

• Heat of Reaction , H = mc

m = mass of mixture solutions
= total volume of solution  density of solution
= (50+40)cm3  1 g cm–3
= 90g
c = 4.2 J g–1 °C –1
 = change in temperature
= (43–28) °C
= 15 °C

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•Thus, Heat of reaction
= ( 90g ) (4.2 J g–1 °C –1 )(15 °C )
= 5670 J
= 5.67 kJ

Thus,
Heat released in this experiment is 5.67 kJ

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 Example 2
A spatula of ammonium chloride powder is
added to 100 cm3 distilled water. Distill water
became cold and heat loss is 6.0 kJ. If the
initial temperature of distilled water is 29 °C,
what is the minimum temperature that can be
achieved by water?

[ specific heat of water : 4.2 J g–1 °C –1

density of solution : 1 g cm–3]

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Solution:

Heat of reaction = mc

m = mass of distilled water
= 100 g
c = 4.2 J g–1 °C –1
Assumed t is the lowest temperature.
 = change in temperature
= 29 – t °C
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Heat of reaction = Heat absorbed
H = mc
6 .0

6.0 kJ = (100 g) ( 4.2 J g–1 °C –1 ) (29 – t °C )

6.0 / 0.42
0.42

t = 29 – ( 6.0 / 0.42 )
= 14.7 °C

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