POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION LAB
FEEDER PROTECTION
August 2017
 Over current protection:
There is an upper limit on current which is considered healthy.
Typically, this current is the maximum load current that an
equipment can endure during continuous operation. If the
current exceed this value action must be taken through an over
current relay. Also, faults (short circuits), lead to over-currents.
Several protective devices are used for over-current protection.
Including: :
- Fuses: the simplest way to protect against over currents.
- Miniature circuit breaker, Molded case circuit breaker
- Over-current relays in conjunction with current transformers to
measure the current and circuit breaker to disconnect when a
certain current limit is exceeded.
Over current protection:
 To set an over current protection relay for an equipment we must
define:
 1- the CT ratio of the CT connected to the relay to calculate the
secondary value of the current presented to the relay during
operation.
 2- rated current of the equipment: to set the Pick up value for the
relay according to the wanted loading of the equipment above this
rated value i.e. 110% of the rated or 105% of the rated or just
100%.
 3- the time of operation according to the current presented to the
relay: here there are several ways to take this time: DT or using
curve for operation IDMT curves of several types.
 4- the fault level at the location the equipment is connected.
Operation time:
 After the knowledge of when the relay will operate we
need to know when will it trip this time taken from pick
up to trip is known as operation time.
 This time could be definite time DT i.e. when current is
above 110% of rated trip after 3 seconds.
 Or could be setted using curves the more current above
the rated is presented to the relay the faster the
operation need to be these curves are called inverse
definite minimum time curves IDMT. There are multiple
curves according to the steepness of the curve and of
multiple standards IEC standard & IEEE standard.
IDMT curves for IEC:
Grading example:
E/F protection:
 The procedure for setting e/f protection is the same
as over current setting procedure.
 One thing is that for pick up of earth fault should
be chosen as minimum as possible to be sensitive for
the smallest earth fault possible. But also avoid the
possible system errors and far earth faults that can
be sensed by this protection.
Directional OC relays:
Directional OC Relay:
Directional OC Relay:

https://relaytraining.com/finding
-directional-overcurrent/
How to test a relay:
 1- define the setting of the relay to be tested and the CT, VT ratios.
 2- make sure that BB protection if any is disabled.
 3- prepare the injection device:
 a-make sure that it’s grounded.
 b- make the necessary voltage and current connections before
switching on the device.
 c- start your injection with small values and read the measurement in
the relay to make sure there is no open circuit in your connection
 4- start injecting faulty voltage and current according to the setting
and see the relay operation and record the testing values and the
operation times.
Thank you