Sigma Institute Of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

Bakrol, Vadodara

Active Learning Assignment Topic On:

Prepared By- Guided By-

Nikunj Bariya (130500109004) Mr Deep Thanki
Nimesh Bariya (130500109005) Asst. Professor
Juhil Bhadresha (130500109006) Electrical Dept.
Nirav Mistry (130500109024) SIE - Bakrol
Aditya Parikh (130500109027)
Suraj Salunke (130500109045)
 FLOW OF PRESENTATION
• Introduction (Necessity Of Starters)
• Types of Starters
• Direct On Line Starters
• Primary Resistor (Reactor)
• Auto transformers (Auto starter)
• Star Delta Switch
• Rotor Resistance
 INTRODUCTION
• It is shown that a plain induction motor works as a polyphase transformer
with short circuited secondary. Therefore, if normal supply voltage is
applied to a motor, then, as in case of a transformer, a very large initial
current will flow through the motor, though for a very short while.
• Induction motors when supplied with voltage draw 5-7 times the full load
current and develop on 1.5 to 2.5 times their full load torque. The initial
excessive current may damage the windings and the motor.
• Hence to limit this excessive current some resistances have to be applied
before applying the voltage. This work is done by devices known as
STARTERS.
 TYPES OF STARTERS
To resist the starting current, the starters are used.
There are the following types of starters used in Induction Motors:
• Direct On Line Starter
• Primary Resistor (Reactor)
• Auto-transformer (Auto starter)
• Star Delta Starter
• Rotor Resistance
 Direct On Line Starters
• This is the most common starting method available on the market and at
basic starter for all motor application. The starting equipment consists of
only a main contactor and thermal or electronic overload relay. The
disadvantage with DOL starter is that it gives the highest possible starting
current.
• A normal value is between 6 to 7 times the rated motor current but values
of up to 9 or 10 times the rated current exist. Besides then DOL starter
draw the starting current there also exists a current peak that can rise up
to 14 times the rated current since the motor is not energized from the
first moment when starting.
• The values are dependent on the design and size of the motor, but in
general, a smaller motor gives higher values than a larger one.
• During a direct on line start, the starting torque is also very high, and is
higher than necessary for most applications. The torque is the same as the
force, and an unnecessary high force gives unnecessary high stresses on
couplings and the driven application
 PRIMARY RESISTANCE STARTER
• Their purpose is to drop some voltage and hence reduce the applied voltage
across the motor terminals. In this way, the initial current drawn by the motor
is reduced.
• However it should be noted that whereas the current varies directly as the
voltage, the torque varies as square of the applied voltage. If the voltage
applied across the terminals is reduced by 50% starting current will reduce by
50% and the torque will reduce to 25% of the full voltage value.
• It is obvious that the ratio of the starting torque to full load torque is x2 of
that obtained with direct switching or across the line starting. This method is
useful for smooth starting of small machines only.
PRIMARY RESISTANCE (REACTOR)
 AUTO-TRANSFORMERS
• Such starters, known variously as auto-starters or compensators, consist of an
auto- transformer with necessary switches. We may use two auto transformers
connected in delta or three auto transformers connected as usual .
• Can be used for both star and delta connected motors.
• A reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals. When the motor has
run up to say 80% of its normal speed, the connections are so changed that auto
transformers are cut out and full supply voltage is applied across the motor.
• The switch making these changes ‘start’ to ‘run’ may be airbreak or may be oil
immersed to reduce sparking. There is also provision for NVC and OLC protection
along with a time-delay device so that momentary interruption of voltage or
momentary overload do not disconnect the motor from the supply.
• Most of the auto transformers are supplied with 3 sets of taps so as to reduce
voltage to 80%, 65 or 50% of the line voltage to suit the local conditions of
supply.
• The V connected transformer is commonly used because it is cheaper although
the currents are unbalanced during starting period.
• This is however no much objectionable firstly, because current imbalance is
about 15% and secondly, because imbalance is restored as soon as the running
conditions are attained.
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
 STAR-DELTA STARTER
• This method is used in the case of motors which are built to run normally with a
delta connected stator winding. It consists of a two way switch which connects
the motor in star for starting and then in delta for normal running.
• When star connected, the applied voltage over each motor phase is reduced by
a factor 1√3 and hence the torque developed becomes 1/3 of that which would
have been developed if motor were directly connected in delta.
• The line current is reduced to 1/3.
• Hence, during the starting period when the motor is Y connected, it takes 1/3rd
as much starting current and develops 1/3rd as much torque as would have been
developed when it is directly connected in delta.
• This method is cheap and effective provided the starting torque is required not
to be more than 1.5 times the full load torque.
• Hence, it is used for machine tools, pumps, motor-generators, etc..
STAR DELTA STARTER
 ROTOR RESISTANCE
• These motors are practically started with full line voltage applied across the
stator terminals. The value of starting current is adjusted by introducing a
variable resistance in the rotor circuit. The controlling resistance is in the form
of a rheostat connect in star, the resistance being gradually cut out of the rotor
circuit as the motor gathers speed.
• By increasing the rotor resistance, not only is the rotor current reduced but at
the same time the starting torque is also increased due to improvement in
power factor.
• The controlling rheostat is either of stud or contactor type and may be hand
operated or automatic.
• The started unit usually contains a line switching contactor for the stator along
with NVC and OLC protection devices.
• There is some form of interlocking to ensure the proper operation of the line
contactor and the starter. This interlocking prevents the closing of the stator
contactor unless the starter is ‘all in’.
• The introduction of resistance in the rotor enables the motor to develop high
starting torque with moderate starting current.
ROTOR RESISTANCE