Sigma Institute Of Engineering

Department Of Electrical Engineering

Bakrol, Vadodara

Active Learning Assignment Topic On:

Guided By-
Mr. Vilash Choudhary
Prepared By- Asst. Professor
Anil Yadav (130500109022)
Mayank Pandey (130500109057) Mr. Deep Thanki
Asst. Professor

Electrical Department
SIE, Bakrol - Vadodara
Universal motor
 Index
• Introduction
• Principle
• Construction
• Working
• Types of universal motor
• Uses of universal motor
• Disadvantages
 Introduction
• The universal motor is so named because it is a
type of electric motor that can operate on both
AC and DC power. It is a commutated series-
wound motor where the stator's field coils are
connected in series with the rotor windings
through a commutator. It is often referred to as
an AC series motor.
• The universal motor is very similar to a DC series
motor in construction, but is modified slightly to
allow the motor to operate properly on AC
power.
• This type of electric motor can operate well on
AC because the current in both the field coils
and the armature (and the resultant magnetic
fields) will alternate (reverse polarity)
synchronously with the supply.
• Hence the resulting mechanical force will
occur in a consistent direction of rotation,
independent of the direction of applied
voltage, but determined by the commutator
and polarity of the field coils.
 Principle
• An electric motor is an electrical machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The reverse of this would be the
conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy and is done by an electric
generator.
construction
 Rotor

• In an electric motor the moving part is the

rotor which turns the shaft to deliver the
mechanical power. The rotor usually has
conductors laid into it which carry currents
that interact with the magnetic field of the
stator to generate the forces that turn the
shaft. However, some rotors carry permanent
magnets, and the stator holds the conductors.
 stator
• The stationary part is the stator, usually has
either windings or permanent magnets. The
stator is the stationary part of the motor’s
electromagnetic circuit. The stator core is
made up of many thin metal sheets, called
laminations. Laminations are used to reduce
energy losses that would result if a solid core
were used.
 Air gap
• In between the rotor and stator is the air gap.
The air gap has important effects, and is
generally as small as possible, as a large gap
has a strong negative effect on the
performance of an electric motor.
 winding
• Electric machines come in two basic magnet
field pole configurations: salient-pole machine
and non salient-pole machine. In the salient-
pole machine the pole's magnetic field is
produced by a winding wound around the
pole below the pole face.
• In the non salient-pole, or distributed field, or
round-rotor, machine, the winding is
distributed in pole face slots.
• A shaded-pole motor has a winding around
part of the pole that delays the phase of the
magnetic field for that pole.

• Some motors have conductors which consist

of thicker metal, such as bars or sheets of
metal, usually copper, although sometimes
aluminium is used. These are usually powered
by electromagnetic induction.
 commutator
• A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the
input of most DC machines and certain AC
machines consisting of slip ring segments
insulated from each other and from the electric
motor's shaft.
• The motor's armature current is supplied
through the stationary brushes in contact with
the revolving commutator, which causes required
current reversal and applies power to the
machine in an optimal manner as the rotor
rotates from pole to pole.
 Working principle of universal motor
• Now let us discuss the operation of this kind of
motor in brief . In series circuit, same amount of
current flows through all components. Similarly in a
series wound motor, the same current flows through
field windings and armature winding both.
• Universal Motor in an universal motor, both
windings connected in series with each other. When
the motor is supplied from ac or dc supply, magnetic
fields are developed around the armature winding
and field winding. They reacts on each other to
produce an unidirectional torque forcefully.
• In some other words, the interaction in between
series magnetic field and armature field causes to
develop a torque and this torque leads to rotate
the shaft.
• However a series motor which is specifically
designed for dc operation suffers from following
drawbacks when it is used on single phase ac
supply :-

• Its efficiency is low due to hysteresis and eddy

current losses .
• The p.f is low due to large reactance of the field
and armature windings .
• The sparking at the brushes is excessive.
 Properties
• If an ordinary series wound DC motor were
connected to an AC supply, it would run very
poorly.
• The universal motor is modified in several
ways to allow for proper AC supply operation.
There is a compensating winding typically
added, along with laminated pole pieces, as
opposed to the solid pole pieces found in DC
motors.
• A universal motor's armature typically has far
more coils and plates than a DC motor, and
hence fewer windings per coil. This reduces
the inductance.
 efficiency
• Even when used with AC power these types of
motors are able to run at a rotation frequency
well above that of the mains supply, and
because most electric motor properties
improve with speed, this means they can be
lightweight and powerful.
• However, universal motors are usually
relatively inefficient- around 30% for smaller
motors and up to 70-75% for larger ones.
 Torque-speed characteristics
• Series wound electric motors respond to
increased load by slowing down; the current
increases and the torque rises in proportion to
the square of the current since the same current
flows in both the armature and the field
windings.
• If the motor is stalled, the current is limited only
by the total resistance of the windings and the
torque can be very high, and there is a danger of
the windings becoming overheated.
• The counter-EMF aids the armature resistance to
limit the current through the armature. When
power is first applied to a motor, the armature
does not rotate..
• At that instant, the counter-EMF is zero and
the only factor limiting the armature current is
the armature resistance.
• Usually the armature resistance of a motor is
low; therefore the current through the
armature would be very large when the power
is applied.
• Therefore the need can arise for an additional
resistance in series with the armature to limit
the current until the motor rotation can build
up the counter-EMF.
• As the motor rotation builds up, the resistance
is gradually cut out.
• The output speed torque characteristic is the
most notable characteristic of series wound
motors
 Speed control
• Continuous speed control of a universal motor
running on AC is easily obtained by use of a
thermistor circuit, while multiple taps on the field
coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control.
• Household blenders that advertise many speeds
frequently combine a field coil with several taps
and a diode that can be inserted in series with
the motor (causing the motor to run on half-wave
rectified AC).
 Types of motor

• Brushed DC Motor
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(Brushless DC Motor)
• Three-Phase Induction Motor
• Single-Phase Induction Motor (Universal
Motor)
• Stepper Motor
 Brushed DC Motor
• Since this type of motor is driven by a DC
power supply, it is also called simply a DC
motor. To distinguish it from a permanent
magnet synchronous motor (brushless DC
motor), here we will call it a brushed DC
motor. Since it is comparatively economical
and easy to drive, the brushed DC motor is
used for a broad range of applications.
• A brushed DC motor generates torque by
mechanically switching the direction of
current in coordination with rotation using a
commutator and brushes
• Shortcomings of a brushed DC motor include
the need for maintenance due to wear down
of the brushes and the production of electrical
and mechanical noise.
• The PWM duty ratio can by adjusted using a
microcontroller, etc. to change the applied
voltage, thus allowing the speed of rotation
and position to be controlled.
 Application
• Toys
• power tools
• Automotive electronic components
 Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (Brushless DC Motor)
• Take away the commutator and brushes that are
the shortcomings of the brushed DC motor and
you have a permanent magnet synchronous
motor (brushless DC motor).
• Due to the lack of brushes, a brushless DC motor
has excellent device life and low-noise
characteristics. Also, it can achieve great
efficiency, so it is used in a broad range of
applications including energy-saving home
appliances and long-running industrial
applications.
• There are two major types of structure, differing
by how the magnet is equipped on the rotor.
• Surface Permanent Magnet (SPM): This type
has a permanent magnet affixed to the
outside of the rotor, and magnetic
permeability is constant through all positions.
• Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM): This type
has a permanent magnet embedded inside
the rotor, and since the magnetic permeability
varies with position, reluctance torque can be
used.
 application
• Air conditioners
• washing machines
• Refrigerators
• power tools
• Servos
• Robots
• Compressors
• hard disk drives (HDD)
• automotive electronic components
 Three-Phase Induction Motor
• A three-phase induction motor is an induction
motor driven on a three-phase alternating-
current power source.
• A rotating magnetic field is produced by passing a
three-phase alternating current through a stator,
and an induced current is generated in the rotor
by electromagnetic induction.
• This rotating magnetic field and induced current
generate an electromagnetic force, which causes
the rotor to rotate. Since the magnetic field
needs to move in respect to the rotor in order to
generate an induced current, the speed of
rotation of the rotor is always slower than the
synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field.
• The difference between the frequency of the
rotating magnetic field and the frequency
equivalent to the speed of rotation is called
the slip frequency.
• The generated torque is proportional to the
slip frequency.
• The structure of a three-phase induction
motor is simple and sturdy. Because it is easy
to use for large power motors and has
relatively good efficiency, it is often used in
industrial segments.
• However, due to the aforementioned slip
frequency, it is unsuitable for position control.
 Application
• Industrial equipment
 Single-Phase Induction Motor
(Universal Motor)
• Single-phase induction motors are a type of
induction motor which as the name implies
operate on a single-phase alternating-current
power source.
• Since self starting is not possible with single-
phase alternating current, the motor needs a way
to start.
• Single-phase induction motors can be divided
into the following three main types, depending
on the way they start.
• Capacitor: A capacitor splits phases to
produce a two-phase alternating current to
obtain a starting torque.
• Split Phase: A starter coil with low inductance
is used to obtain a starting torque.
• Shaded Pole: A shaded pole produces an
induced current, which is used to obtain a
starting torque.
 Application
• Refrigerators
• Fans
• vacuum cleaners
• compressors
 Stepper Motor
• A stepper motor rotates the position of the rotor
in a step-like fashion by switching the voltage
pattern that is applied to a stator winding.
Because the number of times the voltage pattern
switches and the angle of rotation of a voltage
pattern are in a precise proportion, position can
be controlled without any feedback.
• Shortcomings of a stepper motor include small
torque, inability to handle sudden load changes,
and susceptibility to vibration which reduces
efficiency.
• Stepper motors can be divided into the following
three main types.
• Variable Reluctance (VR): Also called switched
reluctance motor (SR motor). It is low cost
because there is no magnet, but the
disadvantage is poor efficiency.
• Permanent Magnet (PM): Since a permanent
magnet is used, torque and efficiency are
relatively high. Also, the position can be held
even when current is not flowing.
• Hybrid (HB): Combines VR and PM types for a
motor with good resolution and relatively
torque and efficiency.
• There are the following four main types of
driving methods.

• Single-phase excitation: Drives by sending

current through any single-phase winding, in
order.
• Two-phase excitation: Drives by sending current
through any two-phase winding, in order.
• Single-to-two-phase excitation: Combines
single-phase excitation and two-phase excitation
to drive in double the step angle.
• Microstep: Drives at a high-resolution step angle
by sinusoidally changing the amount of current
sent to each phase.
 Application
• Office automation equipment
• Cameras
• Industrial equipment
 Disadvantages
• A negative aspect is the maintenance and
short life problems caused by the commutator
as well as electromagnetic interference (EMI)
issues due to any sparking.
• Because of the relatively high maintenance
commutator brushes, universal motors are
best-suited for devices such as food mixers
and power tools which are used only
intermittently, and often have high starting-
torque demands.
• Another negative aspect is that these motors
may only be used where mostly-clean air is
present at all times. totally-enclosed fan
cooled universal motors would be impractical,
though some have been made, due to the
dramatically increased risk of overheating.
• Such a motor would need a large fan to
circulate enough air, decreasing efficiency
since the motor must use more energy to cool
itself.
• The impracticality comes from the resulting
size, weight, and thermal management issues
which open motors have none of.
THANK YOU……