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Water Hydrology
Philip B. Bedient
Rice University
2006
The Hydrologic Cycle
39
1 0 0 Moisture over land
P r e c i pd i t a t i o n o n l a n
61 385
Evaporation from land Precipitation
on ocean
Snow
melt
Surface Precipitation
runoff
424
Evaporation
from ocean
Infiltration
Groundwater Wat
er t ab l
Recharge e
38 Surface discharge
Groundwater flow
Impervious 1 Groundwater
strata discharge
Major Hydrologic Processes
Precipitation (measured by radar or rain gage)
Evaporation or ET (loss to atmosphere)
Infiltration (loss to subsurface soils)
Overland flow (sheet flow toward nearest stream)
Streamflow (measured flow at stream gage)
Ground water flow and well mechanics
Water quality and contaminant transport (S & GW)
Recent History of Hydrology
Early 1900s saw great expansion of water supply and
flood control dams in the western U.S. - in response to
Dust Bowl and the Economic Depression of the 1930s
U.S. Dept of Agriculture began many hydrologic studies
Sherman UH and Horton infiltration theory 1930s
Theis well mechanics (1935)
Horton theory of infiltration (1940s)
Penman (1948) - complete theory of evaporation
Recent History of Hydrology
Great urban expansion in 1950s and 60s - led to demand
for better water supply and prediction (after WW II)
EPA formed in 1970 with a mission to clean up the rivers
and lakes of America - beginning of environmental eng.
as we know it today
USGS and EPA actively involved in large-scale sampling
programs at the national level - The Woodlands, TX
EPA funded development of computer models to address
water quality issues in streams and lakes, and estuarine
bays (1970s).
Guadalupe River Map
The Woodlands
Watershed Boundary
Watershed Characteristics
Divide
Size
Slope Reservoir
Shape Natural
stream
Soil type - LU
Urban
25,000 Jun 76
Flow, cfs
Apr 79
20,000
Sep 83
15,000 Mar 92
Mar 97
10,000
5,000
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Time, hrs
Problems in Hydrology:
Extreme weather and rainfall
Streamflow and runoff predictions
River routing and hydraulic conditions
Overall water balances - local and global scales
Flood control and drought measures
Water supply for growing communities
Watershed management for agric/urban development
Applications in Hydrology:
Surfacewater supply and delivery systems (sewers)
Ground water for supply, wells, and springs
Contamination and environmental quality issue
– Lake and Coastal Bay quality studies
– River quality for drinking and recreation
– Hazardous waste studies for GW contamination
– Waste sources from urban/industrial runoff
Land use impacts from urban development
Disaster mitigation and flood control
Technology has Revolutionized
the Field of Hydrology
High Speed Digital Computation
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Large Hydrologic and Meteorologic Databases
GPS and LIDAR methods for ground surveys
RADAR rainfall estimates from NEXRAD
Advanced forecasting tools for severe weather and
flood Alert
A Note on Units
Rainfall volume is normally measured in inches or cm
Rainfall rate or intensity in inches/hr or cm/hr
Infiltration is measured in inches/hr or cm/hr
Evaporation is measured in inches or in/hr (cm/hr)
Streamflow is measured in cfs or m3/s
One acre-ft of volume is 43,560 ft3 of water
1 ac-inch/hr is approx. equal to 1.008 cfs
Ground water flows are measured as ft3/day or m3/day
Rainfall and Conversion to Runoff
Midnight 1 a.m.
Hydrologic Theory
One of the principal objectives in
hydrology is to transform rainfall that has
fallen over a watershed area into flows to
be expected in the receiving stream.
Losses must be considered such as
infiltration or evaporation (long-term)
Watershed characteristics are important
Loss Rate Method:
Initial and Uniform Loss Rate Method
Inches/Hour
Uniform Loss at a
Constant Rate
(in/hr)
Example: Initial Loss = 0.5 in, Uniform Loss = 0.05 in/hr
Unit Hydrograph Theory
The unit hydrograph represents the basin
response to 1 inch (1 cm) of uniform net
rainfall for a specified duration, D.
Linear method originally devised in 1932.
Works best for relatively small subareas -
in the range of 1 to 10 sq miles.
Several computational methods exist.
Synthetic UH Methods
• Snyder’s Method (1938)
• Clark Method (1945)
• Nash (1958)
• SCS (1964, 1975)
• Espey-Winslow (1968)
• Kinematic Wave (1970s)
SCS Triangular UH Example
1 inch of Net Rain over D = 1.6 hr
SCS Triangular UH Example
Volume = QpTr /2 + QpB /2
Qp
Qp = 2Vol/(TR + B)
TR B
B = 1.67 TR
Qp = 484 A / TR
tp = lag time
TR = D/2 + tp
L = length to divide in ft
Y = Avg basin slope in % tp = L0.8 (S + 1)/ 1900 (Y)0.5
S = 1000/CN - 10 (ins)
SCS Methods
Triangular UH
CN = curve number
for various soil/LU
See SCS Table 2.1
Dimensionless UH
Hydrograph Convolution
1 2 3 Add and Lag Method
2 FINAL
STORM
HYDROG
3 T
Outflow
streets and yards.
The total runoff reaches a Pipe Flow
(SWWM)
Pipe Flow
stream and is the sum of both
components Time
Hydraulic Calculation - Pipes
(z + P/g + V2/2g)1 = (z + P/g + V2/2g)2 + hL
E = total energy = z + P/g + V2/2g at pts 1 and 2
hL
P1
P2
z1
z2
Datum (MSL)
Manning’s Equation Open Channels
A A A
1.49 2
Q= AR 3 S
n
Small Watershed Response
Brays
Bayou
Digital Elevation Model
Based on 1999 Aerial Survey
60”
Rice
7.5’x11’
Hermann
Park
NEW
PIPES
TMC
Bayou Camera - June 8-9, 2001
Provided valuable data on water levels and timing
Looking West
Looking East
Flood Warning Systems
Downtown Houston
Emergency
Response
Flood Doors
Flood Gates
Facility Entrances
Communications
Operations
Training
The Woodlands - a Totally Planned Community