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W N
KEY
SOLUTION: Because the slope of the track is changing,
so is the relative orientation of N and W.
Thus, the acceleration is not constant and we can’t use
the kinematic equations.
Thus we can’t find v at the bottom of the track.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Determining work done by a force
As we have stated, the principles of work and
energy need to be mastered in order to solve
this type of problem. We begin by defining work.
In everyday use, work is usually thought of as effort
expended by a body, you, on homework, or on a job.
In physics, we define work W as force F times the
displacement s, over which the force acts:
W = Fs work done by a constant force
The units of work are the units of force (Newtons)
times distance (meters). For convenience, we call a
Newton-meter (N m) a Joule (J) in honor of the physicist
by that name.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Determining work done by a force
W = Fs work done by a constant force
EXAMPLE: Find the work done by the 25-Newton force
F in displacing the box s = 15 meters.
s
F
SOLUTION:
W = Fs
W = (25 N)(15 m)
W = 380 N m = 380 J.
FYI The units of (N m) are Joules (J). You can just
keep them as (N m) if you prefer.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Determining work done by a force
W = Fs work done by a constant force
If the force is not parallel to the displacement the
formula for work has the minor correction
W = Fs cos work done by a constant force
not parallel to displacement
Where is the angle between F and s.
FYI F
s
If F and s are parallel, = 0° parallel
and cos 0° = +1.
F
If F and s are antiparallel, = 180° s
and cos 180° = -1. antiparallel
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Determining work done by a force
W = Fs cos work done by a constant force
not parallel to displacement
Where is the angle between F and s.
PRACTICE: Find the work done by the force F = 25 N in
displacing a box s = 15 m if the force and displacement
are (a) parallel, (b) antiparallel and (c) at a 30° angle.
SOLUTION:
(a) W = Fs cos = (25)(15) cos 0° = 380 J.
(b) W = (25)(15) cos 180° = - 380 J.
(c) W = (25)(15) cos 30° = 320 J.
FYI Work can be negative.
F and the s are the magnitudes of F and s.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Determining work done by a force
EXAMPLE: Find the work done by the brakes in
bringing a 730-kg Smart Car to a rest in 80. meters if its
starting speed is 32 m/s.
F s
SOLUTION: F and s are antiparallel so = 180°.
From s = 80 m and v2 = u2 + 2as we get
02 = 322 + 2a(80) so that a = -6.4 m s-2.
Then F = ma = 730(-6.4) = - 4672 n. |F| = +4672 N.
Finally, W = Fs cos
= (4672)(80) cos 180° = - 370000 J.
FBD Crate
T
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power a=0
Determining work done by a force 100
EXAMPLE: A pulley system is used to raise a
100-N crate 4 m as shown. Find the work done
by the tension force T if the lift occurs at constant
speed.
T
SOLUTION:
From the FBD since a = 0, T = 100 N.
From the statement of the problem, s = 4 m. sT
Since the displacement and the tension are
parallel, = 0°. s T
Thus W = Ts cos = (100)(4) cos 0° = 400 J. T
FYI
Pulleys are used to redirect tension forces.
FBD Crate
T T
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power a=0
Determining work done by a force 100
EXAMPLE: A pulley system is used to raise a
100-N crate 4 m as shown. Find the work done
by the tension force T if the lift occurs at constant
speed. T T
SOLUTION:
From the FBD 2T = 100 so that T = 50 n.
From the statement of the problem, s = 4 m. T 2s
Since the displacement and the tension are
T
parallel, = 0°. s T
So W = T(2s) cos = (50)(24) cos 0° = 400 J.
FYI M.A. = Fout / Fin = 100 / 50 = 2.
Pulleys are also used gain mechanical advantage.
F F
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power x
0
F s
SOLUTION:
EK,f = (1/2)mv 2 = (1/2)(730)(02) = 0 J.
EK,0 = (1/2)mu 2 = (1/2)(730)(322) = 370000 J.
∆EK = EK,f - EK,0 = 0 – 370000 = - 370000 J.
W = ∆E = -370000 J (same as before, easier!)
FBD Ball
Topic 2: Mechanics F
2.3 – Work, energy, and power a=0
Gravitational potential energy mg
Consider a bowling ball resting on the floor: If we let go
of it, it just stays put.
If on the other hand we raise it to a height ∆h and
then let it go, it will fall and speed up, gaining
kinetic energy as it falls.
Since the lift constitutes work against gravity (the
weight of the ball) we have
W = Fs cos
W = mg∆h cos 0° = mg∆h.
We call the energy due to the position of a weight
gravitational potential energy.
∆EP = mg∆h gravitational potential energy change
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Gravitational potential energy
∆EP = mg∆h gravitational potential energy change
PRACTICE: Consider a crane which lifts a
2000-kg weight 18 m above its original
resting place. What is the change in
gravitational potential energy of the weight?
SOLUTION:
The change in gravitational potential
energy is just
∆EP = mg∆h = 2000(10)(18) = 360000 J.
FYI Note that the units for ∆EP are those
of both work and kinetic energy.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Work done as energy transfer
W = Fs work done by a constant force
∆h
6.0 m
released, as shown. What is its
speed at the bottom? ∆h
v=?
SOLUTION: We solved this one 30°
long ago using Newton’s second law. It was difficult!
We will now use energy to solve it.
∆EK + ∆EP = 0
(1/2)mv 2 - (1/2)mu 2 + mg∆h = 0
(1/2)(25)v 2 - (1/2)(25)0 2 + (25)(10)(-6) = 0
FYI If friction and drag are 12.5v 2 = 1500
zero, m always cancels… v = 11 m s-1.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Discussing the conservation of total energy within
energy transformations
We have talked about kinetic energy (of motion).
We have talked about potential energy (of position).
We have chemical energy and nuclear energy.
We have electrical energy and magnetic energy.
We have sound energy and light energy.
And we also have heat energy.
In mechanics we only have to worry about the
highlighted energy forms.
And we only worry about heat if there is friction or
drag.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Discussing the conservation of total energy within
energy transformations
EXAMPLE: Suppose the speed of the 2-kg ball is 15 m
s-1 when it reaches the bottom of the 20-m tall track.
Find the loss of mechanical energy and its “location.”
The system lost 175 J as drag and friction heat.
∆h
time x
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Power as rate of energy transfer
Power is the rate of energy usage and so has the
equation
P=E/t power
From the formula we see that power has the units of
energy (J) per time (s) or (J s-1) which are known as
watts (W).
EXAMPLE: How much energy does a 100.-W bulb
consume in one day?
SOLUTION: From P = E / t we get E = Pt so that
E = (100 J/s)(24 h)(3600 s/h)
E = 8640000 J!
Don’t leave lights on in unoccupied rooms.
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Power as rate of energy transfer
P = Fv cos power
PRACTICE: Show that P = Fv cos .
SOLUTION: Since P = E / t we can begin by rewriting
the energy E as work W = Fs cos :
P=E/t
=W/t
= Fs cos / t
= F (s / t) cos
= Fv cos .
FYI
The Physics Data Booklet has only “P = Fv.”
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power the last horse-drawn
barge operated on the
River Lea ...(1955)
Power as rate of energy transfer
P = Fv power
EXAMPLE: Sam the horse, walking
at 1.75 ms-1, is drawing a barge
v
having a drag force of 493 N along F
the River Lea as shown. The angle
the draw rope makes with the
velocity of the barge is 30. Find the
rate at which Sam is expending energy.
SOLUTION: Since energy rate is power, use
P = Fv cos FYI Since 1 horsepower is
= (493)(1.75) cos 30 746 W, Sam is earning his
= 747 W. keep, exactly as planned!
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Power as rate of energy transfer
P = Fv power
EXAMPLE: The drag force of a moving object is
approximately proportional to the square of the velocity.
Find the ratio of the energy rate of a car traveling at 50
mph, to that of the same car traveling at 25 mph.
SOLUTION: Since energy rate is power, use P = Fv.
Then F = Kv 2 for some K and P = Fv = Kv 2v = Kv 3.
Thus FYI
P50 / P25 = K503 / K253 It takes 8 times as much
= (50 / 25)3 gas just to overcome air
= 23 resistance if you double
= 8. your speed! Ouch!
Topic 2: Mechanics
2.3 – Work, energy, and power
Quantitatively describing efficiency in energy transfers
Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input power
efficiency = Wout / Win = Pout / Pin efficiency
EXAMPLE: Conversion of coal into electricity is through
the following process: Coal burns to heat up water to
steam. Steam turns a turbine. The turbine turns a
generator which produces electricity. Suppose the
useable electricity from such a power plant is 125 MW,
while the chemical energy of the coal is 690 MW. Find
the efficiency of the plant.
SOLUTION: efficiency = Pout / Pin
= 125 MW / 690 MW
= 0.18 or 18%.