GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 02 - WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning - V1.0

Internal
Planning of the WCDMA

Radio Network
GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0

www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Date Revision Description Author
Version
2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang
2008-12-31 1.1 1.The structure of chapter 2 is modified. Hou Chong

2.Comments are added is page 28, 30, 33,
and 38.
3.The summery about the difference and
similarity of the GU coverage planning is
added.
2009-01-19 1.2 The comments about the capacity, Dong Qihuan
coverage, and quality of the UMTS are
added in page 8.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 1

 In this course, you will learn:
 The content and procedure of the network planning

 Meanings of the UL budget and the links in it
 Meanings of the DL budget and the links in it
 Coverage boost technology

Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA
Network Planning
Chapter 2 Coverage Planning
Chapter 3 Coverage Boost Technology

(Optional)
Chapter 4 Example of the Link Budget
Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction Simulation

Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA Network
Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning

Definition and Category
of Network Planning
 Definition of Network Planning:
According to the network construction target, network evolution

requirements, and cost requirements, proper NE equipments are
selected for network planning. The network planning outputs the
required number of NEs and NE configurations. This planning also
determines the connection mode between NEs which aims to provide
reference for further project implementation.
 Category of Network Planning:

Focus of the Course: Radio
 Core Network Planning
Network Planning
 Radio Network Planning
 Transmission Network Planning

Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
Network Construction
 Importance:
 In the mobile communications network construction, network

equipment investment makes up the great part of the cost
Among the three 3G network, radio access network,
transmission network, and core network, the investment of the
radio access network takes up more than 70% of the mobile
communications network investment.
 The scale of the radio access network investment depends on

network site number and site type, which are determined by
radio network planning.

Difference Between the WCDMA Network
Planning and GSM Network Planning
The GSM system ensures that the intra- The WCDMA system adopts the frequency
frequency interference and adjacent- spreading technology and implements the 1 x 1
channel interference meet the frequency reuse without the frequency planning.
communication requirements through the The capacity per carrier in the WCDMA system
cellular network structure and frequency which features the soft function is related to the
planning. current environment and neighboring cell
In the condition that the interference interference.
conditions are met, the users supported by The coverage capability of the WCDMA system is
the GSM network can be calculated from related to the system load. The increase of the
the carrier number and timeslot number. system load will lead to the decrease of the
The coverage capability of the GSM WCDMA system.
system is determined by the TX power of The WCDMA system supports various services of
the transceiver and demodulation different rate and QoS, including the voice service.
performance of the receiver.
The GSM system provides the single

voice service and determines the GoS
specifications. The design target of the
GSM network is comparatively simple.
Capability–Coverage–Quality
 Relationship between the capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA
system
 The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its capacity, coverage, and quality
are closely related to each other.
 Capacity–coverage
− If the load increases, the capacity and interference will also increase, and the
coverage will shrink.
 Capacity–quality
− You can improve the system capacity by lowering the quality of some connections.
 Coverage–quality
− You can also improve the coverage capacity by lowering the quality of some
connections. 容量
 The capacity, coverage, and quality of the GSM system are independent of
each other.
质量覆盖

Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of the Radio Network Planning
1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning

The basic process is
Radio Network Planning the same as that of the
Process Overview GSM network planning.
 Radio network dimensioning (RND)

 At the early stage of the project planning, initial plan of the future network is
scheduled. The configuration and the number of RAN NEs are outputted for
preliminary project negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.
 Radio network pre-planning
 At the mid stage of project planning, based on the dimensioning output, the
future network is planned in detail, and the accurate network scale and
theoretical site location are determined. A pre-planning report is outputted for
mid-stage project negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.

The basic process is the
Overview of the Process of same as that of the
GSM network planning.
Radio Network Planning
 Cell planning of radio network
 At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-

planning outputs, each selected site is surveyed, and the
related cell parameters are determined.
 Normally, the cell parameters and planning effects
should be checked through simulation. The output report
will be the final radio network planning scheme that can
guide the project implementation.

Cell planning of radio
Input information: Output information:
planning
Coverage target Site locations
Radius for search
Engineering
parameters Page 12
Radio network pre-
Overview of the Process of Radio
Output information:
Input information:
planning
All rights reserved

Theoretical sites
 Relationship between the three phases
Dimensioning Radius for search

Optional sites
conclusion
Output information:
Input information:
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Network Planning
Objectives of network
RND BTS configuration
Costs of network
construction Number of BTSs
construction
Question
 What does the process of the radio network

planning include?

Summary
This chapter describes

 Definition and category of network
planning
 Procedure of the Network Planning

Network Planning

(Optional)
Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction

Simulation

2.1 Definitions of the

Coverage Planning
2.2 Uplink Budget
2.3 Downlink Budget

Process of Coverage Planning
 Environmental features of the
planned areas
The basic process is
Analyze the  Indoor coverage
the same as that of
customer’s  Coverage probability the GSM network
requirements
 Cell load planning.
 System parameters
Create link budget  Equipment performance
parameters
Maximum path loss  Propagation model
Obtain the maximum

cell radius
Calculate the coverage

area of a single site
Required site quantity

Omnidirectional site Six-sector site
Three-sector site
Required site quantity = Planned area / Coverage area of a single site

Basic Principles of Link Budget
 Link budget:
NodeB Ga_BS
To obtain the allowed maximum
Pout_BS
TX Lf_BS
propagation loss of a link while keeping
Lc_BS the communication quality, by analyzing
Combiner
duplexer
Feeder the influencing factors in the propagation
PL
channels of forward and reverse signals
_D
PL
L
RX and thus estimating the coverage
_U
L
capacity of the system
Ga_UE
UE
Pout_U
The same as the
Margin of slow
TX E fading (Mf) principles of GSM
network
Combiner
duplexer
Body loss Penetration
(Lb) loss of a
building (Lp)
RX


Coverage Planning
2.2 Uplink Budget
2.3 Downlink Budget

Uplink Budget
MDC Gain
Slow fading margin
SHO Gain against Slow fading margin
Slow fading
Fast fading margin
SHO Gain against
fast fading Interference margin
Body Loss
NodeB Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
UE Transmit Power
Penetration Loss
UPLINK BUDGET
Maximum
Antenna Gain allowable path
loss
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
NodeB reception sensitvity

Algorithm Introduction
Uplink (reverse)
PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE – Lf_BS + Ga_SHO
– Mpc– Mf – MI – M_BN– Lp – Lb – S_BS
− PL_UL: maximum propagation loss of an uplink

− Pout_UE: maximum transmit power of a UE
− Ga_BS: antenna gain of a BS; Ga_UE: antenna gain of a UE
− Lf_BS: feeder loss
− Ga_SHO: gain of soft handover
− Mpc: margin for fast power control (fast fading margin)
− Mf: margin for slow fading (related to the propagation environment and coverage
requirements)
− MI: interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
− M_BN: margin for background noise (related to the electromagnetic environment)
− Lp: penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
− Lb: body loss
− S_BS: sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as services and multi-
path conditions)

Factors of the WCDMA Uplink Budget WCDMA
1. Max Power of TCH 11. UL Cell Loading
2. Body Loss 12. Interference Margin
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna 13. Background Noise Level
4. EIRP 14. Margin for Background Noise
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna 15. Fast Fading Margin
6. Cable Loss 16. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
7. Penetration Loss 17. Edge coverage Probability
8. Noise Figure (BS) 18. Slow Fading Margin
9. EbvsNo Required (BS) 19. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
10. Sensitivity of BS Receiver 20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading
Items 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 20 are

different items between the GSM and the WCDMA
Prompts for Focuses:
 Sensitivity: Different from the GSM network, the sensitivity varies with
service types in the WCDMA link budget.
 Interference Margin: The interference margin in the GSM network is
almost fixed at a certain multiplexing ratio while the interference margin
in the WCDMA network increases as the service load increases. (The
interference margin under typical loads will be specially enumerated
later on.)
 SHO gain over slow and fast fading: The WCDMA uses soft handover.
This technology can resist and reduce fading, and thus the WCDMA
obtains relevant gains.
 The parameters not specially pointed out in this chapter are for browsing.

Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
1. Max Power of TCH (dBm) — Equipment parameter

– For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the
nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameter must be reasonably set in the
link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial
mobile phone and the requirements of the operator. Generally, it is set
to the value of class 4.
Class of UE Power (TS 25.101 V3.7.0 (2001-06) 6.2.1)
Power Class Nominal Maximum Output Power Tolerance
1 +33 dBm +1/-3 dB
2 +27 dBm +1/-3 dB
3 +24 dBm +1/-3 dB
4 +21 dBm +2/-2 dB

2. Body Loss (dB) — System parameter

 For the speech service, the body loss is 3 dB.
 The VP and the data service mainly involve reading and watching. The UE is
relatively not so close to the human body, therefore, the body loss is 0 dB.
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi) — Equipment parameter

 Generally, the receiver and transmitter gain of the UE antenna are assumed to be
both 0 dBi.
4. EIRP (dBm)UE EIRP (dBm)

= UE Tx Power (dBm) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi) - (Body Loss (dB))

5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi) — Equipment parameter
Kathrein 741794 Kathrein 741790
1710~2170MHz (dual band
Frequency range Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
for DCS and UMTS)
Polarization Vertical
Polarization +45O, -45O
Gain 11dBi
Gain 16.5dBd
Horizontal: 63O HPBW Vertical: 7O
HPBW
(1920~2170MHz) Vertical:6.5O Electrical tilt Fixed, 0O
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2O

— Equipment parameter
Bracket Tilt adjuster
6. Cable Loss (dB)
 Including the loss of all the feeders and connectors from the
top of the equipment to the antenna terminal Lower jumpers, Antenna
connectors, feeders, and upper jumpers
Bracket
 Except the losses of feeders, other loss is relatively fixed,
which can be assumed to be 0.8 dB @ 2 GHz. Upper feeder
 The losses of common feeders (dB/100 m) are as follows:

Feeder
Frequency (Hz) Feeder window

Lightning arrester
Feeder fixing clip
Feeder Model 2G 900 M 450 M
Lower feeder
1/2-inch 17.7 11.2 7.6 Feeder grounding clip
7/8-inch 6.5 4.03 2.7

5/4-inch 4.7 2.98 1.9
Feeder installation

7. Noise Figure (dB) — Equipment parameter
 The Noise Figure (NF) is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It
refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the amplifier.
G
1
¡
N
¢
F
1G
2
¡
N
¢F
2
G
n
¡
¢
NF
ni o NF = SNR / SNR
= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)
 The NF formula of a cascaded network:
NF 2 1 NF n 1
NF ×Ü NF 1 ...
G1 G1  G2  ...  Gn 1
 Noise floor of a receiver (per Hertz):

PN = K×T×BW×NF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

8. Eb/No Required (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA
 Obtained through link simulation, it is related to the following factors:
− Configuration of receiver diversity Different from the
− Multipath condition GSM system, the
sensitivity varies
− Bearer type
with services
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
 Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= Noise Floor of a BS receiver + Eb/No Required – Processing Gain
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz) + Eb/No Required (dB) -
10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)

10. Uplink Cell Loading — Designed target system load
N N
UL  1  i    L j  1  i   
1
1 W 1
1 1
1  
EbvsNo j R j v j
 The Uplink Cell Loading is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.
 The higher the Uplink Cell Loading, the larger the uplink interference.
 If the uplink load is close to 100%, the uplink interference becomes
infinite, and the corresponding capacity is the maximum.

11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA
I TOT 1 1
NoiseRise   
N
1  UL
1  Lj
PN
1
50% load — 3 dB
60% load — 4 dB
75% load — 6 dB
Focus

12. Background Noise Level (dBm) — Parameter relevant to the environment

 External electromagnetic interference sources:
− Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, television station, and so on)
− Automobile ignition
− Lightning …
 It is indicated in relevant reports that in the 2 GHz frequency band, the mean value of
the electromagnetic interference is -104 dBm and the standard deviation is 2.9 dB.
 For the planning for a specific area, it is recommended to estimate the local
interference through noise test.

13. Margin for Background Noise (dB) — Parameter relevant to the

environment
 Suppose the noise floor of a NodeB or a UE is X dBm, the background
interference level is Y dBm. The margin for the background noise should be:
Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10X/10 + 10Y/10) dBm - X dBm
 Because there are external electromagnetic interferences, relevant margins
must be reserved in the link budget. Generally, when there is no external
interference, the value is set to 0 dB.

14. Fast Fading Margin (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA

 In some reference books, the Fast Fading Margin is also called "Power Control
Margin".
 In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the receiver in use is the
simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual
system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal
factors are introduced in the closed loop power control.
 Effect of the power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:
The simulation shows the following: When the the power control margin is large,
the target value of Eb/No set in the outer loop power control approaches the
simulation result under the ideal power control condition. As the power margin
decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases. Finally, every time the power margin
decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB. If the control
performance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensured.

15. Penetration Loss (dB) — Parameter relevant to the environment

 Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal intensity
near the wall outside the building and the one inside the building.
 The penetration loss is related to the concrete building type and the entry angle of
radio wave. In the link budget, the penetration loss is assumed to be subject to the
log-normal distribution.
 It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. To meet

such a requirement, use a special indoor coverage solution.
 In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss margin is

usually specified by the operator so that planning results of different manufacturers
can be comparable.

16. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) — Parameter relevant to the environment
 Calculating the standard deviation of Std. dev. of Slow Fading:
Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path loss is X dB and the estimated
standard deviation of the Penetration Loss is Y dB. The estimated standard
deviation of indoor path loss can be obtained by sqrt( X2 + Y2 ).
Similar to the GSM system, look

up tables according to the
propagation environment and
coverage requirements.

17. Edge Coverage Probability — Coverage requirement
 If the transmit power of a UE reaches the maximum threshold, but still
cannot overcome the path loss to guarantee the lowest reception level of a
receiver, the radio link will drop or the UE will fail to access the network.
 If the designed signal level of a UE at the edge of a cell is equivalent to the
minimum reception level of a receiver after the transmit power reaches the
receiver of a BS, the actual measurement result will comply with the normal
distribution, centering on this minimum reception level.
− This means that there is 50% probability that the UE cannot access the
network.

18. Slow Fading Margin (dB) — Environment-related parameter calculated
according to coverage requirements
 Slow Fading Margin (dB) = NORMSINV (required Edge Coverage Probability) x
Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
Edge Reliability:50%
Edge Reliability:75%
The NORMSINV (x) is the inverse function of the cumulative

function of standard normal distribution in the Excel.

19. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

 The SHO Gain over Fast Fading consists of two parts: — Specific parameter of
CDMA/WCDMA
− Multi-cell gain—Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required
slow fading margin, which results in multi-cell gain
− Gain for the link demodulation of soft handover —Including the macro
diversity combining gain and the decrease of the required fast fading
margin
 The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refers to the macro diversity combining gain.
 The value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is 1.5 dB.

20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

 As mentioned previously, the SHO gain consists of two parts: —
Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA
− Multi-cell gain—Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches
lower the required slow fading margin, which results in
multi-cell gain
− Gain for the link demodulation of soft handover —Macro
diversity combining gain
 The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell gain.
 Generally, this value is obtained through table look-up of the
edge coverage (area coverage).

Factors of the WCDMA Downlink Budget
 The mapping between the antagonizing SHO shadow
attenuation gain and the boundary coverage rate.
 When the area coverage rate is provided by the users, the boundary
coverage rate corresponding to the area coverage rate can be calculated by
tools when the soft handover is not performed. The result can be obtained
by looking up the table.
Summary: Path Loss at the Edge of a Cell
 Based on the maximum path loss allowed by a link, the path

loss at the edge can be calculated if the slow fading margin
and soft handover gain for providing the required edge/area
coverage probability and the penetration loss of indoor
coverage are met.
 Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength
Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading
Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

Summary of the Uplink Budget
Margin for Background Noise = 10log (10X /10 +10Y/10)
dBm - X dBm
Herein, "X" is the noise floor of a receiver and "Y" is
Path Loss
the external background noise level.
－ Penetration － Slow Fading － Fast Fading － Interference － Margin for

EIRP
Loss Margin Margin Margin Background Noise
＋ Gain of BS Rx ＋ SHO Gain over Fast Fading and － Sensitivity of BS

Antenna － Feeder Loss Receiver
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
Transmit Power of a UE - f (Edge Coverage Probability) × Std.

Body Loss dev. of Slow Fading
+ Gain of UE Tx Antenna
Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path

Value of Body Loss: loss is X dB and the estimated standard deviation
Speech service: 3 dB Data of the Penetration Loss is Y dB. The estimated
service: 0 dB standard deviation of indoor path loss can be
obtained by Sqrt(X2 + Y2).
Generally, the Sensitivity of BS Receiver is
set to the value of antenna interface. In the Sensitivity of BS Receiver ＝ Noise Floor of a BS receiver + Eb/No Required -
uplink budget, the Feeder Loss is set to "0". Processing Gain
In the downlink budget, the Feeder Loss Noise Floor (NF) of a BS receiver = 10lg ( K*T*B*Nf ) = -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF
must be set according to design (dB) —— Herein, the NF is the total NF of the receiving system at the antenna
requirements. interface
Processing Gain = 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(Kbit/s)] (Take the WCDMA system as an
example. The chip rate is 3.84 Mcps)
Combine the previous three formulas and obtain the formula for calculating the
Sensitivity of BS Receiver: -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[Rb (bit/s)] + Eb/No (dB)

Coverage Planning
2.2 Uplink Budget
2.3 Downlink Budget

Downlink Budget Principle
MDC Gain
Slow fading margin
Slow fading margin
SHO Gain against
Slow fading
Fast fading margin
SHO Gain against
fast fading Interference margin
Body Loss
NodeB Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Transmit Power

Penetration Loss
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Maximum
Antenna Gain allowable path
loss
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
UE reception sensitivity

Algorithm Introduction
Downlink (forward)
PL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO
–Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_UE
― PL_UL: maximum propagation loss of a downlink
― Pout_BS: maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
― LF_BS: feeder loss
― Ga_BS: antenna gain of a BS; Ga_UE: antenna gain of a UE
― Ga_SHO: gain of soft handover
― Mpc: margin for fast power control
― Mf: margin for slow fading (related to the propagation environment)
― MI: interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
― Lp: penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
― Lb: body loss
― S_UE: sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as services and
multi-path conditions)

Factors of the WCDMA Downlink Budget
1. Max Power of TCH 13. Margin for Background Noise
2. Cable Loss 14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
3. Gain of BS Tx Antenna 15. Fast Fading Margin
4. EIRP 16. Penetration Loss
5. Gain of UE Rx Antenna 17. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
6. Body Loss 18. Edge coverage Probability
7. Noise Figure (UE) 19. Slow Fading Margin
8. EbvsNo Required (UE) 20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading
9. Sensitivity of UE Receiver
10. DL Cell Loading
11. Interference Margin
12. Background Noise Level

Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
10. Downlink Cell Loading
The Downlink Cell Loading is defined in two ways:
 Downlink Cell Loading at the receiver:
 
DL   1   j  i j  EbvsNo j 
N Rj
vj 
1  W 
 This definition is similar to that of the Uplink Cell Loading:
− The higher the Downlink Cell Loading, the larger the cell transmit power, and
the larger the receiver interference.
− When the Downlink Cell Loading reaches 100%, the corresponding capacity is
the maximum of the downlink.
 Downlink Cell Loading at the receiver: ratio of the current cell transmit power to the
maximum BS transmit power
− Characteristics: The current link budget tool uses this definition
− The higher the Downlink Cell Loading, the larger the cell transmit power. The
Downlink Cell Loading is related to the service type, UE receiver performance,
cell size, and BS capability.

Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
11. Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
 When the downlink interference of the UE receiver increases:
 If the definition of the Downlink Cell Loading at the transmitter is used, the
formula can be simplified as follows:
Pmax
NoiseRise ( j )  1  [ ( j )  f ( j )]  DL 
No  CL(0, j )
 In the link budget tool, use the following typical values for the parameters
in the formula:
− a(j)—Orthogonal Factor at the cell edge: obtained through simulation,
relevant to the environment type and cell radius
− f(j)—Neighbor Cell Interference Factor: 1.78 (2.5dB)

Network Planning

(Optional)

OTSR
Tx Rx Rx Rx
BB
 The capacity of the OTSR is almost as large as that of an omnidirectional cell.
Therefore, the OTSR is applicable to the areas requiring not large capacity but
wide coverage in the early stage, except urban areas.
 The cell radius of the OTSR is 1.5 times as large as that of an omnidirectional
site. The site quantity can be decreased by 40% to 50%.

Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Jumper from the lightning

Antenna arrester to the equipment top
Bracket Lightning arrester
Jumper from the

antenna to the TMA
TMA
Feeder
Jumper from the

TMA to the feeder
 The use of TMA (low noise amplifer) can improve the uplink sensitivity of
BS receiver and enlarge the uplink coverage.
 The introduction of TMA, however, increases downlink insertion loss and
affects the downlink capacity and coverage, especially in urban areas.

Four-Antenna Receive Diversity
 Compared with the dual-antenna receive diversity, the four-antenna

receive diversity can meet the requirement of a lower Eb/No.
 Gain effects of the four-antenna receive diversity, compared with the
dual-antenna receive diversity:
Capacity
Area Channel Eb/N0 Coverage Gain
Gain
Densely-populated
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
urban area
Ordinary urban
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
area
Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

Questions
 What are the main technologies of the coverage

enhancement?
 What are the main technologies of the capacity
enhancement?
 How many times does the diameter of the OTSR longer
than the diameter of the omnidirectional cell?

Network Planning

(Optional)

Example of Link Budget
Settings of common parameters

Example of the Link Budget
Parameters of the Receiver and Transceiver

Global parameters and Specified Parameters

Settings of the Propagation Model

Settings of the Sector Parameters

Result of the Link Budget

The calculating method
is the same as that in
Coverage Estimate—Example the GSM system
 Suppose the planned target area is

80 km^2.
 Suppose the maximum path loss is
151 dB when the cell load is 50% (3
dB).
 Considering that the penetration loss
and the slow fading margin are totally
20 dB, reduce the path loss to 131
dB.
 Suppose the path loss model is: L =
137 + 35logR dB.
 You will obtain R = 0.674 km.

The calculating method
is the same as that in
Coverage Estimate—Example the GSM system
 The coverage area of a three-sector
site is:
 S = 1.95 R^2 = 0.88 km^2
 The required site quantity is:
 N = 80 / 0.88 = 90
 That is, 90 BTs (270 sectors) are
required.

Questions
 What are the main factors of the uplink

and downlink budget?
 What is procedure of the coverage
calculation?

Network Planning

(Optional)

System Simulation Process—Preparations
Common parts,
Import a map Import engineering
parameters completely the same as
those in the GSM system
Correct a Macroscopic
propagation model view
Predict the Adjust the cell

network coverage structure
Set up a
traffic model
Output simulation Adjust the network Microscopic

results structure and configuration view

System Simulation Process—Network
Coverage Prediction
Import engineering
Import a map
parameters
Predict the Adjust the

network coverage cell structure
Set up a
traffic model
Output Adjust the network Microscopic

simulation results structure and configuration view

Network Coverage Prediction
 Network coverage prediction is to preliminarily determine the cellular
structure of an area based on the customer's requirements and the
input of standard model.
 The phase of coverage prediction is also a cyclic process of
adjusting the cellular structure, simulating the coverage, and
verifying the scheme.
 The final outputs of coverage prediction must meet the cellular
structure scheme for the required coverage, including the BS
quantity and BS/sector distribution data.
 Coverage prediction mainly involves the following: pilot coverage,
overlapping zones, and best server.
 Note that the performance and services are mutually independent
(the same as that in the GSM).

Network Coverage Prediction
 Independent on Traffic
 Dependent on Traffic

Pilot Coverage

Overlapping zones

Best Server

System Simulation Process
Import engineering
Import a map
parameters
Predict the Adjust the

network coverage cell structure
Set up a
traffic model
Output Adjust the network

Microscopic
simulation results structure and configuration view

System Simulation Output
 Basic outputs of the system simulation:
 Drawing of the pilot coverage within the target planned area: Ec and Ec/Io
 Distribution map of optimal cell
 Geographical distribution map of Eb/Nt of services
 Geographical distribution map of uplink and downlink loads of cells
 Geographical distribution map of pilot pollution
 Geographical distribution map of the handover probabilities of services

Pilot Coverage

Ec/Io

Best Server

Downlink Eb/Nt

Uplink_load

Pilot Pollution

Handoff status

Questions
 What are the mainly concerned specifications during the

coverage prediction and system simulation?
 Consider the meaning of the main specifications with you
understanding to the GSM.

Summery
 Learn to know the mainly concerned specifications

during the coverage prediction and system
simulation.
 Learn to know the impact of the factors on the
calculation of the cell diameter.
 Learn to know the evidence of the value calculation.
 Learn to know the calculation method of the number

of the cells covered.
 Learn to know the output content of the coverage
prediction and simulation.

Conclusion
 The WCDMA system is an interference-limited system. Its coverage

depends upon both the maximum transmit power and the system load.
The noise floor rises along with the system load, but the system
coverage decreases accordingly, or vice versa.
 If the frequency is well planned and there is no external interference,
the coverage of the GSM system is only related to the maximum
transmit power, however, its capacity is only related to the number of
available channels.
 When planning the WCDMA coverage, you must fully consider the
relationship between the coverage and the capacity to ensure the
required system performance.

Thank you!
www.huawei.com

GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 02 - WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning - V1.0

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Internal

Planning of the WCDMA

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang

2008-12-31 1.1 1.The structure of chapter 2 is modified. Hou Chong

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 The content and procedure of the network planning

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Chapter 2 Coverage Planning

Chapter 3 Coverage Boost Technology

Chapter 4 Example of the Link Budget

Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction Simulation

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1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning

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According to the network construction target, network evolution

 Category of Network Planning:

 Transmission Network Planning

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 In the mobile communications network construction, network

 The scale of the radio access network investment depends on

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The GSM system provides the single

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1.1 Overview of the Radio Network Planning

1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning

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 Radio network dimensioning (RND)

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 Cell planning of radio network

 At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-

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All rights reserved

Dimensioning Radius for search

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 What does the process of the radio network

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This chapter describes

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Chapter 2 Coverage Planning

Chapter 3 Coverage Boost Technology

Chapter 4 Example of the Link Budget

Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction

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2.1 Definitions of the

2.2 Uplink Budget

2.3 Downlink Budget

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Obtain the maximum

Calculate the coverage

Required site quantity

Required site quantity = Planned area / Coverage area of a single site

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2.1 Definitions of the

2.2 Uplink Budget

2.3 Downlink Budget

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NodeB reception sensitvity

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− PL_UL: maximum propagation loss of an uplink