Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TM
Abalt Solutions
stress: introduction
components of force and stress
resolving forces and stresses
Mohr's circle of stress
states of stress
Force
Stress
Area
N/m2 or Pa (mks)
dynes/cm2 (cgs) = 10-1Pa
(psi = 6895 Pa)
F F
A' A
Normal stress
N
n lim
A 0 A
Shear stress
S
lim
A 0 A
Both stress and pressure given by F/A, but stress implies sense of
directionality (eg. vertical stress), whereas pressure implies stresses in
all directions are equal (eg. hydrostatic)
v
P
H P
h P
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Units of Stress/Pressure
L
el
L
V
ev
V
yield
point
strain
• instantaneous response to stress
• strain is recoverable
• Hooke's Law: = ke
• k is modulus (gradient of stress/strain curve, resistance to deformation)
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Vertical Stress Component
Examples of are:
= 0.01 MN/m3 for some coals,
= 0.023 MN/m3 for some shales,
= 0.03 MN/m3 for gabbro.
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Horizontal stress Components
F F
l + ∆l
Axial Stress F A a
Young' s Module E
Axial Strain l l a
Lateral Strain l
Poisson' s Ratio
Axial Strain a
stress: introduction
components of force and stress
resolving forces and stresses
Mohr's circle of stress
states of stress
at any point in homogeneous stress field can find three planes upon
which shear stresses are zero: principal planes of stress
stresses acting on (normal to) these planes are principal stresses
1, 2 & 3
stress: introduction
components of force and stress
resolving forces and stresses
Mohr's circle of stress
states of stress
Fs
(2) SHEAR FORCE
Acts parallel to the plane
P
Any FORCE (F) can be resolved into its NORMAL (Fn) and
SHEAR (Fs) components
F
Fn
where : F = Fn + Fs Fs
NB Stresses can not be resolved P
as if they were vector quantities
Consider the shear force and shear stress on a plane parallel to the
applied stress.
Strike-slip faults are NOT parallel to principal stresses!
Resolving N and S on Planes of Varying Orientation
1
2
s = -1/2(1-2sin2
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Stress-Strain Curve
Under the loading conditions shown in the diagram, the peak stress is
the uniaxial compressive strength, c
stress: introduction
components of force and stress
resolving forces and stresses
Mohr's circle of stress
states of stress
1 2
2
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Mohr's Circle of Stress
1 2
s 2 P (n, -s)
-2
n
2
1
1 2
2
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
Use of Mohr's Circle of Stress
2
n
-2
2 s
2 1
2
n
2
2 s
2 1
The plane along which failure occurs and the Mohr envelope:
From the initial principal stresses, the normal stress and shear stress
on a plane at any angle can be found using the transformation
equations, as represented by Mohr’s circle.
1
0 n
n
0 cohesion
coefficient of friction
3
1
1 3 sin 2
2
n 1 3 1 3 cos 2
1 1
2 2
Copyright © 2008 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved.
The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
on a plane normal to 1
on a plane parallel to 1
on a plane at 45° to 1
on a plane 30° to 1
on a plane 60° to 1
A Mohr circle may be drawn for each of the family of planes parallel to
one of the principal directions of stress.
1 P
P
3 2 1
3
10 20 30
2
MPa
stress: introduction
components of force and stress
resolving forces and stresses
Mohr's circle of stress
states of stress
-ve +ve
n
General Tension
1
2 0 1
Uniaxial Tension max s = 1/2 2
Tensile Test
2
2 1 0
Hydrostatic Tension
RARE
Biaxial
Compression
Triaxial
Compression