Project Stage –I

Presentation
on

Development of Water Cooler Using

Alternative Refrigerants
Presented by,
Mitesh Mahesh Deshmukh
Roll no. 511001
Branch: ME(Heat Power)

Guided by,
Prof. K.V. Mali Sponsored by
Blue Star Ltd. , Thane
 Topics Covered

• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Problem Statement
• Proposed work
• Methodology
• Experimental Setup
• Activity and Schedule
• Reference
Introduction
 Introduction

• Uses of refrigeration system in ancient time.

• History of refrigerants:
i. First generation
ii. Second generation
iii. Third generation
iv. Fourth generation
• Montreal Protocol (1987)
• IPCC and Kyoto Protocol (1997)
• Use of HCFC-22 in refrigeration application
 Introduction continued
• Why to ban HCFC-22 ?
• Modeling and simulation technique
• Basic reason to use simulation technique
• Developed simulation technique
i) Compressor model:
a) Steady state model b) Dynamic model
ii) Condenser and evaporator model:
a) Steady state (single node, multi node, zone)
b) Dynamic model (transient, long term parameter)
iii)Capillary tube model:
a) Adiabatic and non-adiabatic model
b) Empirical correlation model
• Development of Water Cooler
Literature Review
 Literature Review
• Calm [1] studied the historical review of refrigerants and
classified those into four generation as follows:

Generation Year Refrigerants

First 1830-1930s Ethers,CO2,NH3,SO2,HCOOC3
,HCs,H2O,CCl4,CHCs,…

Second 1931-1990s CFCs, HCFCs, NH3, HFCs,…

Third 1990-2010s HCFCs,HFCs,NH3,H2O,HCs

Fourth 2010-…. Zero/low ODP, Low GWP,

high efficiency
 Compressor Modeling
• R. Damle et al. [3] has studied object-oriented unstructured
modular numerical simulation of reciprocating compressor. The
work suggests that the modular approach offers advantages of
handling complex geometries, coupling different simulation model
and adaptability to different configuration without changing the
program.

 Condenser Modeling
• J.H. Lee et al. [4] has studied experimental and numerical research
on condenser using R-22 and R-407C. A numerical code has been
developed using section by section method. The experiments were
performed on U and Z type of path configuration.
• It was found that the Z type of path configuration performed better
for R-22. And no difference was found using U path configuration.
 Evaporator Modeling
• Jinho Lee et al. [3] performed numerical analysis in a finned-tube
exchanger. Numerical model based on tube by tube method was
developed by Domanski. Plate fins, wavy fins and slit fins were used
for air side evaporation performance.
• Cross-counter flow and cross-parallel flow heat exchanger has been
used with R-134a, R-410a and R-22 as working fluid. Results
showed that heat transfer rate is more in cross-counter flow than in
cross-parallel flow.

 Capillary Tube Model

• Stoecker and Jones [10] gives modeling formulation for capillary
tube . They suggested that the system with capacity less than 10 kw
should use capillary tube.
Problem Statement
 Problem Statement
• Restriction on ODP and GHG gases due to Montreal and
Kyoto Protocol.
• Protocol states that GWP<150 and ODP=0.
• Drop in replacement of HCFC-22.
Refrigerant Chemical Name GWP ODP

R-22 Chlorodifluoromethane 1700 0.005

R-134a Tetrafluoroethane 1300 0

R-152a Difluoroethane 120 0

R-290 Propane 20 0

R-600a Isoutane 4 0
Proposed Work
 Proposed Work

The project work to improve and develop the water cooler with
the use of alternative hydrocarbon refrigerants and its mixture.
1. Literature Survey of all components separately.
2. Writing code in the MATLAB software by using simulation
technique for all the components.
3. Testing of refrigerants on the simulation model.
4. Comparison of various parameters for alternative HCs and
HCFC-22.
5. Validation of the results.
Methodology
Methodology
Study of alternative refrigerant
from literature

Study of Simulation techniques

Code writing in MATLAB

software

validating results of HCFC-22

with experimental data

NO
Are the results
matching?
YES
Use the same model to validate
HCs refrigerants and their
mixture

Conclusion on the results

Setup
Experimental Setup
 Specification of Setup
1. Compressor: Model name KCE443HAE-BXXX which is a
reciprocating type, connecting rod type compressor. This
model is typically used for Water Cooler and Bottle Cooler
application.
2. Condenser: Shell and tube condenser is used in this
application.
3. Expansion valve: Capillary tube is used as an expansion valve
in this setup.
4. Evaporator: Bare tube evaporator is used in this application.
• The evaporator tank is of 80, 120, 150 liters capacity.
According to that the specification of the sizes of the
component changes.
Activity and Schedule
 Activity and Schedule:
Sr no. Activity Duration
1. Collection of paper 3 weeks

2. Literature Review 4 weeks

3. Learning MATLAB software 4 weeks

4. Study of simulation techniques 3 weeks

in MATLAB

5. Code writing in MATLAB 4 weeks

6. Analysis of R-22 and HC 4.5 weeks

refrigerants through simulation

7. Validation and Checking 2 weeks

8. Final Report Writing 4 weeks

Reference
 Reference
1. James M. Calm, “The next generation of refrigerants – Historical
review, consideration and outlook”, International journal on
Refrigeration, Volume 31, 2008, pp. 1123-1133.
2. Guo-liang Ding, “Recent Developments in simulation techniques
for vapour-compression refrigeration systems”, International
Journal on Refrigeration, Volume 30, 2007, pp. 1119-1133.
3. M. Elhaj, F. Gu,, A.D. Ball, A. Albarbar, M. Al-Qattan, A. Naid,
“Numerical simulation and experimental study of a two-stage
reciprocating compressor for condition monitoring”,Mechanical
System and Signal Processing, Volume 22, 2008 pp. 374-389.
4. J.H. Lee, S.W. Bae, K.H. Bang, M.H. Kim, “Experimental and numerical research on
condenser performance for R-22 and R-407C refrigerants”, International Journal on
Refrigeration, Volume 25, 2002, pp. 372-382.

5. J.R. Garcı´a-Cascales, F. Vera-Garcı´a, J. Gonza´lvez-Macia, J.M.Corbera´n-Salvador,

M.W. Johnso , G.T. Kohler, “Compact heat exchanger modeling: Condensation”,
International Journal on Refrigeration, Volume 33, 2010, pp. 135-147.

6. Ju-Suk Byun, Jinho Lee, Jun-Young Choi, “ Numerical analysis of evaporation

performance in a finned-tube heat exchanger”, International Journal on Refrigeration,
Volume 30, 2007 pp. 812-820.

7. Ho-Saeng Lee, Jung-In Yoon, Jae-Dol Kim, P.K. Bansal, “Characteristics of condensing
and evaporating heat transfer using hydrocarbon refrigerants”, Applied Thermal
Engineering, Volume 26, 2006, pp. 1054-1062.
8. Rafael S. Ribero, Christian J.L. Hermes, “Algebraic modeling and
thermodynamic design of fan-supplied tube-fin evaporators running
under frosting condition”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume
70, 2014, pp. 552-559.
9. Arora C. P., “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”, thirteenth edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, India, 2012, pp. 89-
99, 128-130, 136-154.
10. Stoecker W. F., Jones J. W., “Refrigeration and Air Conditioning”,
second edition, McGraw-Hill Interational Edition, Singapore, 1982,
pp. 260-263.
11. http://www.ec.gc.ca/Air/default.asp?lang=En&n=4CA440F8-1
Thank
You