12 socsci

• This shows that ethnicity is not necessarily genetic. It also shows

how someone might describe themselves by an ethnicity different
to their birth identity if they reside for a considerable time in a
different area and they decide to adopt the culture, symbols and
relationships of their new community.
• It is worth noting that the Traveller Community is recognised as a
distinct ethnic group in the UK and Northern Ireland, but only as a
distinct cultural group in the Republic of Ireland.
• Ethnicity is also a preferential term to describe the difference
between humans rather than ‘race’. This is because race is a now a
discredited term that divided all peoples based on the idea of skin
colour and superiority. There is only one ‘race’, the human race as
we are essentially genetically identical. For example, there is no
French ‘race’ but the French people could be described as a
separate ethnic group.
• An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of
people who identify with each other based on
similarities such as common ancestry, language,
history, society, culture or nation.[1][2] Ethnicity is
usually an inherited status based on the society in
which one lives. Membership of an ethnic group
tends to be defined by a shared cultural
heritage, ancestry, origin
myth, history, homeland, language or dialect,
symbolic systems such
as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing
style, art, and physical appearance.
• Nations/State are made up of a variety of groups of
people and have clear boundaries and borders (though
they sometimes change), at least in theory. Empires
have a way of extending their powers across
established borders but in general the borders of a
State have to be in some sort of agreement, or else you
have conflict.
• An ethnic group is a group of people that self-identify
as having something particular in common, in their
language, origin stories, gender norms, and a host of
other factors. There can be many ethnic groups in a
singular state.
 Examples
• Azerbaijanis are the people who live in the areas of
Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey, Iran and Georgia. The total
number of the people that come under this ethnic group is
between 22,000,000 to 35,000,000 and is in fact the tenth
largest ethnic group in the whole world. These people have
the common culture and share many similar characteristics
as the fellow Azerbaijanis. Many great personalities have
been from this ethnic group. Out of the major population of
this ethnic group most of the people live in the areas of
Iran. The language which they speak is known as the
Azerbaijani. They have common minority practice that they
do of Sunni Islam, Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Largely
they are Shia Islamic.
 Indo Aryan People
• The largest ethnic group in the whole world is
none other than the Indo Aryan people who live
in the parts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Sri Lanka and Maldives. The total number of
people coming under this ethnic group is
1,210,000,000 which are far largest from any
other ethnic group in the world. The languages
that these people speak are called as the Indo
Aryan language. There are varieties of religion in
which these people believe and they are
Hinduism, Sikh, Buddhist, Jainism, Islam and also
the Christianity.
 coexistance
• Inaddition, peaceful coexistence presupposes a rigorous respect for the sovereignt
y and territorial integrity of all countries andthe development of economic and cul
tural cooperation based on full equality and mutual benefit. A policy aimed atesta
blishing and developing this type of relations between states is called a policy of p
eaceful coexistence.
• Its intent is toeliminate from the international arena relations of dominance and su
bjugation and to affirm the general democratic normsthat have been crudely violat
ed by imperialism.
• Peaceful coexistence is a specific form of class struggle between socialism and capi
talism in the international arena. Thestruggle is waged between two ruling classes,
each of which possesses full state power. The basically antagonistic conflictbetwee
n the two opposing socioeconomic systems is transferred from the level of military
clashes to that of economiccompetition, comparison of political systems and ways
of life, and ideological struggle. The organic relationship and unity ofstruggle and c
ooperation are characteristic of peaceful coexistence and are both the source of its
internal contradictorinessand a continual stimulus for seeking mutually acceptable
solutions that preclude military conflict.
 Coe
• During the cold war the Soviet Union and China developed the concept of
peaceful coexistence as a mechanism for communist states to coexist with
capitalist states and, in the case of China, with regional powers. It was in
direct contrast with theories of mutual antagonistic aggression that
supposed the two regimes could not live in peace. However it was applied
differently by the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China and
debates over differing interpretations of peaceful coexistence contributed
to one aspect of the Sino-Soviet split in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the
end of the cold war, peaceful coexistence has been used to describe
proposed solutions to the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, Wall
Street’s view of regional instability following the Asian financial crisis of
the late 1990s, relations between the West and Islam, relations
between Jews and Christians and Muslims, and relations among the
different Christian churches. The concept of peaceful coexistence has been
adopted by many international documents and has become a widely
accepted norm of international relations.
 coexst
• The Soviet theory of peaceful coexistence asserted that the United
States and USSR, and their respective political ideologies, could coexist
rather than fighting one another, and Khrushchev tried to demonstrate his
commitment to peaceful coexistence by attending international peace
conferences, such as the Geneva Summit, and by traveling internationally,
such as his trip to America's Camp David in 1959. The World Peace
Council founded in 1949 and largely funded by the Soviet
Union attempted to organize a peace movement in favor of the concept
internationally.
• Peaceful coexistence was meant to assuage Western, capitalist concerns
that the socialist Soviet Union was driven by the concept of world
revolution advocated by its founders, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks advocated world revolution through workers'
"internal revolutions" within their own nations, but they had never
advocated its spread by intra-national warfare, such as invasion by Red
Army troops from a neighboring socialist nation into a capitalist one.
 multi
• . Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact
of cultural pluralism in modern democracies and a way of
compensating cultural groups for past
exclusion, discrimination, and oppression. Most modern
democracies comprise members with diverse cultural
viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority
cultural groups have experienced exclusion or the
denigration of their contributions and identities in the past.
Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and
contributions of diverse members of society while
maintaining respect for their differences and withholding
the demand for their assimilation into the dominant
culture.
 roots
• Authoritarian one-party regimes with
discriminatory legislation and a lack of
opportunities for ethnic groups to participate in
state decision-making processes are particularly
prone to ethnic conflict. Liberal democracies that
focus on the ideals of inclusion, political debate,
and the attempt to reach consensus among all
participants in the political
process facilitatenonviolent ethnopolitical action
and are thus less likely to experience rebellion or
uprisings.
Alhamdulillah