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𝑓𝑘 = 𝑓𝑚 − 1.64𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑓𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ,
𝑓𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2/3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘
Load Combination and Partial Factor of Safety for Ultimate Limit State
Load Permanent Load, 𝑮𝒌 Variable Load, 𝑸𝒌 Wind, 𝑾𝒌
Combination
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial
𝑮𝒌 +𝑸𝒌 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.0
𝑮𝒌 +𝑾𝒌 1.35 1.0 1.5
𝑮𝒌 + 𝑸𝒌 +𝑾𝒌 1.35 1.35 1.35
Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 6
Structural Design of Foundations
• Loads on Foundations
• Distributions of vertical loads on foundations
• For routine regular frame structures the loads on foundation
can be determine using the following assumptions
• The vertical dead load and live loads tributary to a particular
footing may be computed with reasonable accuracy as the sum of
loads half way through to the next adjacent gravity loads
• The vertical loads tributary footing include the loads at all floors
and also include the entire load from any cantilever that are
tributary to the support
• Any redistribution of dead and live loads due to flexural moments
can be ignored
Note that this is approximate method and for actual analysis code
provisions shall be consulted
𝑓𝑦𝑘
ൗ𝛾
𝑠 500𝑘𝑃𝑎/1.15
𝜀𝑦𝑘 = = = 0.00217
𝐸𝑠 200𝑀𝑃𝑎
Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 14
Structural Design of Foundations
• Analysis of Section: Review of RC Design
• Distribution of Stress and Strain Across a Section in Bending
• Flexural theory for reinforced concrete assumes that concrete
cracks in regions of tensile strain and all tensile stress is carried by
steel
• It is also assumed that plain section remain plain after straining
hence there is a linear distribution of strain across the section
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
= 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 0.167 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≤ 𝐶35/40
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
= 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 0.136 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≥ 𝐶35/40
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑀 − 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄 ∗ 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝒇𝟎.𝟓
𝒄𝒌 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
• 𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴
100 ( 𝑠ൗ𝐴 ) ≤ 4 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝑐
fck(N/mm2) 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
fctm(N/mm2) 1.572 1.905 2.210 2.496 3.024 3.509 3.962