I.

INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE
NUTRITION

I.1 Function of protein and lipid

- Fundamentals – definitions
- Importance of nutrition and feeding
- Chemical structure and function protein and lipid.
- Energy relationships
Lipids : Primary role

• Structural
Building blocks of the plasma membrane that surrounds
all cells – important role in cell function regulation
(phospholipids and cholesterol).
• Energy storage
Triglyceride
• Hormone, vitamins & other physiological compounds
-Testosterone, prostagladins.
-Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D & E)
-Carotenoids
Lipid classification
• Classified by the kind and number of carbon chains and
presence of other structures
• Fatty acid
Saturated and unsaturated
• Glycerides
Neutral
Polar (phosphoglyceride)
• Non-glyceride
Steroid, waxes
• Complex lipid
Lipoprotein, glycolipids
Fatty acid structure
• HOOC-(CH2)R-CH3
• Saturated fatty acid

• HOOC-(CH2)R-CH=CH- (CH2)R1-CH3
• Monounsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acid nomenclature
• Stearic (18:0)

• Linoleic (18:2n-6)

• Linolenic (18:3n-3)
Essential fatty acid
n-6 series n-3 series
18:2n-6 linoleic 18:3n-3 (lenolenic)

18:3n-6 18:4n-3

20:3n-6 20:4n-3

20:4n-6 20:5n-3 (Eicosapentainoic acid)(EPA)

(arachidonic) 22:6n-3 (DHA)
Carbohydrate
• Carbohydrate (CHO) contain C, H and O
made only by “pla
• nt” by process of photosynthesis.
• Originally thought to have the formula
(CH2O)n.
• Now know that only simple monosaccharide
adhere this rule.
Carbohydrate
• Animal body
-Protein are major component, CHO are minor
component.
-Form of carbohydrate in animal body glycogen,
lactose, glucose
• Plant
-CHO are main component in plant tissue.
-Form of carbohydrate in plant Glucose,
fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
Classification of carbohydrate
• Monosaccharide
– Have one sugar unit.
• Disaccharide
– A pair of monosaccharide bonded together by
glycosidic bond
• Polysaccharides
– Many monosaccharides boned together
• Complex carbohydrate
– Monosaccharide derivative: amino sugar e.q.
glucosamine, galactosamine
Monosaccharide
• Have one sugar unit
• Formula: CnH2nOn
• Most common are hexoses with six
carbon
• Hexoses formula C6H12O6
• Example: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide
–A pair of monosaccharide bonded
together by glycosidic bond
–Example: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharide
• Many monosaccharides bonded together.
• Almost all the dietary CHO used in fish
feed are polysaccharide.
• Ex.: Starch, cellulose
Glycogen
• Glycogen is the storage form of
glucose in human and animal.
• Stored in liver, glycogen can be
hydrolyzed quickly to maintain blood
glucose levels when dietary CHOs
are low.
The important types of CHO
• Utilization
– Polysaccharide > monosaccharide (in fish)
– α-starch (cook) > ß-starch (raw)
– The ability to utilize starch is species
dependent
The important types of CHO
• Digestion
– Fiber is the member of polysaccharide
– Most fish cannot digest or utilize cellulose or
fiber.
– Fiber reduces the utilization of protein and
lipid though reducing digestion and
absorption.
– Therefore, the amount of fiber in commercial
feed should be controlled to not more than a
certain percentage.
Function of CHO
• Fish do not have specific requirement for
CHO
• No adverse growth effect or any
phatological sign when fed CHO free diet.
• However CHO are always included in
shrimp and fish feed.
• Availability in cheap and abundant quantity
Function of CHO
• Energy source for animal
• Pellet binder (α-starch, alginate,
carrageenan, CMC).
• Sparing dietary protein.
• Structure elements of cell and tissue
(chitin).