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PERTEMUAN II

DC Generators
1. Basic Principles
2. Classification of DC Generators
3. Voltage Build Up
4. Generator Characteristics
5. Efficiency

1
Principle of Operation

If a conductor of length l moves at a linear speed v in a


magnetic field the induced voltage in the conductor is

Faraday’s law
or flux cutting e=Blv e N
e
rule

v v
B

S
B

Right hand rule

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Classification Of DC Generators

 1- Separately Excited DC Generator

Ia IL
+ Vf (Rfw Rfc )I f Rf I f
ra

+ RL
Ea  Vt  Ia
Vt
m Ea ra Ea  Ka 
Rfw 
 mVt ILRL
Rfc
Ia IL
If + Vf 

3
External Characteristic Curve
 It is a curve between terminal voltage and load current
at constant field current and constant rotor speed
Vt

Ea RaIa Terminal characteristic


100 with no armature reaction
80 VAR
% rated voltage

60
Terminal characteristic
with armature reaction
40

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 It
% rated current
External characteristic of a separately excited dc generator
4
2- Self-Excited DC Generators
 1- Shunt generator (Voltage build-up)
If IL
Operating point
Ia + Ea
Rfc P
ra
Rfw + RL
Vt
m  Ea


Field resistance line
V f  R f I f  Vt Ea2 IfRf versus If
Ea1
E a  V t  I a ra Ear
(emf due to If
E a K a m residual flux(
0 If1 If2
Vt  I L R L Voltage build-up
Ia  IL  I f
5
Shunt generator (Cont.)
Critical field circuit resistance

Ea Rf3 Rf2 Rf1

Conditions for a successful voltage buildup


Rf4
 Residual magnetism must be present in the
magnetic system
 Field winding mmf should aid the
residual magnetism.
Field circuit resistance should be less than
critical field circuit resistance.
Vt4

0
If
Effect of field resistance

6
External Characteristic Curve
 (without Armature Reaction effect)
The external characteristics of the self excited shunt generator
can be obtained from the magnetization curve and the field
resistance line, as illustrated in the following Figure.

7
2- Series Generator
Ia IL

ra
+
Vt Ea Ia (ra Rs )
+
Rs IL Ia I f
Vt RL
Ea Ea Kasm

Vt External Characteristic
Ea Magnetization Curve

Vt Slope =(Ra+Rs)

Ia(Ra+Rs)
Ia=If =IL IL
95
3- Compound DC Generator
If
If IL
IL
Ia + Ia +
Ra Ra
Rfc Rfc
Rs Rs
+ +
Vt Vt
Ea Ea
Rfw
 Rfw 
 
Short Shunt Long Shunt

Vt  Ea  Ia Ra  I L Rs VtEI
a
RaRa s
E a  K a  
I L  Ia  I f sh  s m
IL Ia I f
Ea  Ia Ra Vt
If  I f
Rfw  Rfc Rfw Rfc

Ea  Ka (sh  s )m Cumulative Differential
Ea Ka (sh s )m 96
External Characteristic Curve
Vt

Over compound
Vt(rated)
Flat compound

Under compound

Differential
(Useful as a welding generator)

Ia
Ia(rated)

Feff  Fsh  FsFA I f (eff )  I f 


Ns F
I fs  A
Nf Nf
N f I f (eff )  N f I f  Ns I fs FA
10
Graphical relationships for shunt generator without armature reaction

11
Graphical relationships for shunt generator with armature reaction

12
Graphical relationships for a series generator

13
Graphical relationships for a cumulative generator

14
Example: A 172-kW, 430-V, 400-A, 1800-rpm compounded dc generator
shown in figure. The magnetization curve is given at 1800-rpm. The
generator has compensating windings which eliminate armature reaction.

 The compounded dc generator


 The machine is being driven at
1800-rpm, and Radj is currently
set to 55-Ω.
 (a) What is the no-load terminal
voltage?
 (b) If this is connected
cumulatively compounded, what
is its terminal voltage at full-load
(400-A)? What will its voltage
regulation be?
 (c) If this generator did not have
compensating windings and
instead had an armature reaction
of 500 A . turns at full-load, what
would its terminal voltage be at
full-load (400-A)? What would its
voltage regulation be?

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Solution

 (a): RF + Radj = 75-Ω, From the  (c): With armature reaction present in
magnetization curve the no-load voltage this case, the equivalent shunt field
is VT = 445-V. ampere is given by:
 (b): If the load current IL = 400-A, then
IA ~ 400-A too, and IA(RA + RS) = 24-V.
And the effect of the series field mmf in The load triangle thus has a horizontal
terms of equivalent shunt field amperes length of 0.7-A and a vertical length of
is : 24-V. From figure, the output terminal
voltage will be: VT = 425-V
and the voltage regulation will be:
The load triangle thus has a horizontal
length of 1.2-A and a vertical length of
24-V. From figure, the output terminal
voltage will be: VT = 440-V
and the voltage regulation will be:

16
Solution

17
Example: If the generator in the previous example has compensating
windings and is connected differentially compounded, what will its
voltage be when it is supplying 200-A?

 Solution
 In this circumstances , the equivalent shunt current due to the series windings
and without armature reaction is:

The resistive voltage drop is IA(RA + RS) = 200 x 0.06 = 12-V.


The output voltage of the generator can be found
The load triangle thus has a horizontal length of 0.6-A and a vertical length
of 12-V. From figure, the output terminal voltage will be: VT = 390-V.

18
Power Flow and Efficiency
DC Generators
If IL
+
Ia Ra
Rfc
+ Rs
Ea Vt

Rfw 

Po u tp u t Po u tp u t
 
Pinput= Ea Ia Va Ia VaIL Vt IL Poutput= Pin p u t Po u tp u t  Losses
Pmech = Pelectrical
Vt I L
Pshaft 
Vt I L   I 2 R  RotationalLosses
I a2 Ra I 2f R f I L2 Rs
Rotaional losses Vt I L

E a I a  RotationalLosses
19
SPEED CONTROL TECHNIQUES
 Chopper
A chopper converts a fixed-voltage dc supply
into a variable voltage dc supply.
The switch S can be a thyristor , a GTO or a
power transistor.
When the switching device S is on , Vt = V
(supply voltage) and motor current increases.
When S is off Vt = 0 and motor currentdecays
through the diode.
t on
The average Vt is V t
 V
T

123
Starting
 If a d.c. motor is directly connected
to a d.c. power supply, the starting
current will be dangerously high.
V  Ea
Ia  t at starting   0 Ea  0
ra
Vt
I a Starting 
ra
Since ra is small, the starting currentis
very large.
The starting current can be limited by
the following methods:
1 Use a variable-voltage supply.
2 Insert an external resistance at start,
as shown in the Figure.
124

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