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DC Generators
1. Basic Principles
2. Classification of DC Generators
3. Voltage Build Up
4. Generator Characteristics
5. Efficiency
1
Principle of Operation
Faraday’s law
or flux cutting e=Blv e N
e
rule
v v
B
S
B
89
Classification Of DC Generators
Ia IL
+ Vf (Rfw Rfc )I f Rf I f
ra
+ RL
Ea Vt Ia
Vt
m Ea ra Ea Ka
Rfw
mVt ILRL
Rfc
Ia IL
If + Vf
3
External Characteristic Curve
It is a curve between terminal voltage and load current
at constant field current and constant rotor speed
Vt
60
Terminal characteristic
with armature reaction
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 It
% rated current
External characteristic of a separately excited dc generator
4
2- Self-Excited DC Generators
1- Shunt generator (Voltage build-up)
If IL
Operating point
Ia + Ea
Rfc P
ra
Rfw + RL
Vt
m Ea
Field resistance line
V f R f I f Vt Ea2 IfRf versus If
Ea1
E a V t I a ra Ear
(emf due to If
E a K a m residual flux(
0 If1 If2
Vt I L R L Voltage build-up
Ia IL I f
5
Shunt generator (Cont.)
Critical field circuit resistance
0
If
Effect of field resistance
6
External Characteristic Curve
(without Armature Reaction effect)
The external characteristics of the self excited shunt generator
can be obtained from the magnetization curve and the field
resistance line, as illustrated in the following Figure.
7
2- Series Generator
Ia IL
ra
+
Vt Ea Ia (ra Rs )
+
Rs IL Ia I f
Vt RL
Ea Ea Kasm
Vt External Characteristic
Ea Magnetization Curve
Vt Slope =(Ra+Rs)
Ia(Ra+Rs)
Ia=If =IL IL
95
3- Compound DC Generator
If
If IL
IL
Ia + Ia +
Ra Ra
Rfc Rfc
Rs Rs
+ +
Vt Vt
Ea Ea
Rfw
Rfw
Short Shunt Long Shunt
Vt Ea Ia Ra I L Rs VtEI
a
RaRa s
E a K a
I L Ia I f sh s m
IL Ia I f
Ea Ia Ra Vt
If I f
Rfw Rfc Rfw Rfc
Ea Ka (sh s )m Cumulative Differential
Ea Ka (sh s )m 96
External Characteristic Curve
Vt
Over compound
Vt(rated)
Flat compound
Under compound
Differential
(Useful as a welding generator)
Ia
Ia(rated)
11
Graphical relationships for shunt generator with armature reaction
12
Graphical relationships for a series generator
13
Graphical relationships for a cumulative generator
14
Example: A 172-kW, 430-V, 400-A, 1800-rpm compounded dc generator
shown in figure. The magnetization curve is given at 1800-rpm. The
generator has compensating windings which eliminate armature reaction.
15
Solution
(a): RF + Radj = 75-Ω, From the (c): With armature reaction present in
magnetization curve the no-load voltage this case, the equivalent shunt field
is VT = 445-V. ampere is given by:
(b): If the load current IL = 400-A, then
IA ~ 400-A too, and IA(RA + RS) = 24-V.
And the effect of the series field mmf in The load triangle thus has a horizontal
terms of equivalent shunt field amperes length of 0.7-A and a vertical length of
is : 24-V. From figure, the output terminal
voltage will be: VT = 425-V
and the voltage regulation will be:
The load triangle thus has a horizontal
length of 1.2-A and a vertical length of
24-V. From figure, the output terminal
voltage will be: VT = 440-V
and the voltage regulation will be:
16
Solution
17
Example: If the generator in the previous example has compensating
windings and is connected differentially compounded, what will its
voltage be when it is supplying 200-A?
Solution
In this circumstances , the equivalent shunt current due to the series windings
and without armature reaction is:
18
Power Flow and Efficiency
DC Generators
If IL
+
Ia Ra
Rfc
+ Rs
Ea Vt
Rfw
Po u tp u t Po u tp u t
Pinput= Ea Ia Va Ia VaIL Vt IL Poutput= Pin p u t Po u tp u t Losses
Pmech = Pelectrical
Vt I L
Pshaft
Vt I L I 2 R RotationalLosses
I a2 Ra I 2f R f I L2 Rs
Rotaional losses Vt I L
E a I a RotationalLosses
19
SPEED CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Chopper
A chopper converts a fixed-voltage dc supply
into a variable voltage dc supply.
The switch S can be a thyristor , a GTO or a
power transistor.
When the switching device S is on , Vt = V
(supply voltage) and motor current increases.
When S is off Vt = 0 and motor currentdecays
through the diode.
t on
The average Vt is V t
V
T
123
Starting
If a d.c. motor is directly connected
to a d.c. power supply, the starting
current will be dangerously high.
V Ea
Ia t at starting 0 Ea 0
ra
Vt
I a Starting
ra
Since ra is small, the starting currentis
very large.
The starting current can be limited by
the following methods:
1 Use a variable-voltage supply.
2 Insert an external resistance at start,
as shown in the Figure.
124