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Encoding
Mostof the information in LTM seems to be
encoded according to its meaning.
Semantic Network
Organization of LTM
Schemas
Organized, repeatedly exercised patterns of
thought or behavior
Which color is on top on a stoplight?
How many rows of stars are on the U.S.
flag?
Whose image is on a dime? Is he wearing
a tie?
What five words besides In God We Trust
appear on most U.S. coins?
When water goes down the drain, does it
swirl clockwise or counterclockwise?
Automatic Processing
Space
Time
Frequency
Encoding
Rote rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
Visual
imagery
Mnemonics
Acronyms and acrostics
Method of loci
Pegword method
Retrieval
Organization
encoding
Retrieval Cues
Encoding Specificity Principle
Environmentalcontext
State dependent learning
Flashbulb Memories
memories centered on a specific,
important, or surprising event that are so
vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot
of the event
Vividness comes from importance of the event as well
as emotional content
Déjà vu
Decreases with age and increases with
education and income
Is more common in persons who travel,
remember their dreams, and have liberal
political and religious beliefs
Is most likely triggered by a general
physical context, although spoken words
alone sometimes produce the illusion
Is experienced mainly when people are
indoors, engaged in leisure activities or
relaxing, and in the company of friends
Is relatively brief – 10 to 30 seconds – and
is more frequent in the evening than in the
morning, and on the weekend than on
weekdays
Is responded to more positively than
negatively, with people typically indicating
they are surprised, curious, or confused
Forgetting
Decay theory
Interference theory
Retroactive
Proactive
Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting
Suppression
Repression
Encoding failure
Retrieval failure
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Reconstruction of Memories
As memories fade, fill in details
May use schemas
Hindsight bias
Children’s Eyewitness Memory