Health, Safety & Environmental

Pre-Task Planning and Risk Analysis

Purpose

♦ The purpose of this course is to inform employees of the

processes in place to systematically identify, evaluate, control,
and communicate known and potential workplace safety and
health hazards to employees before work activities begin.
− This course is based on Fluor’s HSE Practice 000.653.1304,
Pre-Task Planning/Risk Analysis
Course Objectives

♦ At the end of this course, participants will be able to:

− Identify the General Requirements to the pre-task planning
approach
− Differentiate between Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Safety Task
Assignment (STA)
− Identify the Pre-Task Meeting (PTM) Improvement Tool
Important Note

This course has been designed as an overview of the Pre-Task

Planning/Risk Analysis Practice found in Fluor’s HSE Management System.

♦ This course can be used to support training at your location

♦ Please consult HSE professionals at your location for further information

General Requirements

♦ Projects will adopt a “whole life” approach

to pre-task planning for HSE from
commencement of the project to
commissioning and handover to the owner
♦ Five steps included in this process are:
1. Hazard Identification
2. Assessment
3. Control
4. Evaluation
5. Monitor
Steps 1 - 3

1. Hazard Identification
• Workplace hazards can be identified in a number of ways
• Inspections provide a system of recognizing hazardous conditions so
that those conditions can be corrected
2. Assessment
• Once the hazards have been identified, it is necessary to assess what
risk they pose to employees in the workplace
• The risk assessment step is that part of the process that assesses the
probability (likelihood) and consequences (severity) of hazards that
have been identified
3. Control
• This stage is the process of determining and implementing appropriate
measures to control risk
• Having identified the potential hazards, the team is further responsible
for identifying solutions to those hazards based on a Hierarchy of
Controls
Hierarchy of Controls

♦ Preferred hierarchy for developing solutions/controls

Elimination

Substitution

Engineering

Administrative
Controls

PPE
Steps 4 - 7

4. Evaluation
• This step means checking to see whether the introduced changes
reduce the risk previously assessed.
5. Monitor
• To verify that control measures implemented are not eroded over time
they must be monitored on a regular basis
Pre-Job vs. Pre-Task Planning

♦ Proper preparation prior to both a Job and a Task can

significantly reduce the occurrence of incidents AND increase
quality and productivity
− Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• A comprehensive process that identifies hazards associated with each
step of a job and develops solutions for each hazard that will either
eliminate or control the hazard. The process involves subject matter
experts and personnel beyond the front line supervisor. The process
occurs before the task goes to the field.
− Safety Task Assignment (STA)
• The process of identifying and communicating to each employee the
steps, hazards, and risks associated with a task, and the safe work
practices that are to be applied to complete the task.
Responsibility
♦ Employees must be informed of identified
or potential hazards and prescribed safety
measures before initiating work activities
through review of pre-task planning
documents
− Job Safety Analysis, Form 000.653.F0100
− Safety Task Analysis, Form 000.653.F0101

Pre-task planning
documents must
include hazard
analyses, permits,
and other safety
and health-related
work plans
Job Selection Criteria & Priorities for JSA

♦ Define Scope of Work prior to beginning JSA

− Selection Criteria
• High Potential Severity Operations (Life Critical)
 Examples: Confined Spaces, Cranes & Rigging, Work at Height, etc.
• Incident History
• Live Machinery/Equipment
♦ Prioritize jobs for safety analysis
− History of fatalities
− High frequency of incidents or near misses
− Potential for serious harm
− New jobs/non-routine jobs
− Construction schedule
Life Critical Operations

♦ Activities that:
• Confined Space
− Are performed commonly across our
business lines Entry
• Cranes & Rigging
− Have a disproportionately high number of
precursors • Electrical Work
• Hazardous Energy
− Have resulted in (or have the potential to
result in) fatalities or serious injuries Control/Line Breaks
• Heavy
♦ Subject matter experts assigned to each
Motorized/Mobile
♦ Practices establish minimum requirements Equipment
♦ Training clearly communicates • Material Handling
expectations • Motor Vehicle
♦ Risk assessment process to critically Operation
evaluate hazards and required mitigation • Process Safety
• Trenching &
Excavation
• Work at Height
JSA Team Development

♦ A JSA Team should be comprised of more than one person in

order to provide a greater range of technical competence
− Supervision
− Front line supervision
− Employees most familiar with
the job
− Vendor Representatives
− Design Engineers
− Subject Matter Experts
• Industrial Hygienist
• Environmental Engineer
• HSE Professional
• Manufacturer Representatives
• External Consultants
JSA Drivers

♦ Complicated tasks with severe hazards

♦ Specialized HSE equipment
♦ May be requested by project management
♦ Required by company, client, and/or country practices and
procedures
JSA Fundamentals

♦ Identifies sequence of jobs to analyze

♦ Breaks job down into elemental steps
♦ Identifies all hazards associated with the job
− Consider 5 factors
1. Physical actions
2. Materials
3. Equipment
4. Conditions
5. “What if” questions
♦ Develops measures to eliminate hazards
♦ Provides information to guide management
JSA Breakdown

♦ JSA Sections
I. General Information
II. Practice References
III. Human/Organization Factors
IV. Job Safety Analysis
 Activity, Hazards, Control Measures, Severity, Likelihood, Risk
V. Approvals and Signatures
♦ JSA Forms include the following information:
− Job scope and description of activities
− Listing of each activity or phase
− Identification of the hazards associated with the activities being
performed, including the use or presence of hazardous
chemicals
− Specific, effective safety measures (engineering, administrative,
or PPE) to eliminate or control the hazards
− Required training
− Required permits
− Identification and Detail
Section IV Example – Annual H2S Tank Inspection (Visual)

Required Safety
Work Activity Hazards Present
Measures/PPE
1. Isolate & purge tank a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
system b. H2S exposure b. Sniffer/respirator

2. Open top tank man a. Fall exposure a. Fall protection plan

way b. Flying debris from b. Machine guards, face
grinding paint shield, long sleeves,
c. Ergonomic Stress gloves
d. H2S c. Proper tool selection
and body positioning
d. Sniffer/respirator
3. Enter tank to a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
perform inspection b. Fall exposure b. Fall protection plan
c. Confined Space c. Confined Space Permit
d. H2S d. Sniffer/respirator
4. Close Tank / a. Fall exposure a. Fall protection plan
Restore system b. Foreign Object Damage b. Account for all
c. Ergonomic Stress tools/material
d. H2S c. Proper tool selection
e. Restore system and body positioning
d. Sniffer/respirator
e. Lockout plan
Section IV Example
Section IV Example – Annual H2S Tank Inspection (Visual)

Required Safety
Work Activity Hazards Present
Measures/PPE
1. Isolate & purge tank a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
system 2 X Severity
3 = 6 =2
(Low 4 Risk)
b. H2S exposure b. Sniffer/respirator
2 / Illness
Injury XInjury
Potential
1 resulting
= 2 (Verypermanent
Low Risk)
or Illnessinresulting total or
in medical
2. Open top tank man
a. Fall exposure a. Fall protection plan
way
treatment or Partial
b. Flying
temporary disability
debris from
disability / b. Machine
loss of guards, face
function
Severity = 2
grinding paint shield, long sleeves,
Add all Risks = Total
Likelihood
(Potential Injury or= 1 Risk
c. Ergonomic Stress
Illness resulting gloves
in medical
2 X Likelihood
3 = 6 (Low
d. H2S
= Risk)
3 c. Proper tool selection
2 + 6 + 12 + 2 = 22 (High Risk)
Very Unlikely
treatment or temporary 1:1,000,000
disability / loss andof function)
body positioning
Possible 1:10,000 d. Sniffer/respirator
3. Enter tank to a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
Severity X
LikelihoodLikelihood
= 1 = Risk
Severity
perform inspection b. Fall exposure = 2 b. Fall protection plan
24 X What3
(Very Unlikely
(Potential 1
Injury =
d. H2S
can
2 be done
(Very
c. Confined Space
12 (Medium
1:1,000,000 Low Risk)
because
or Illness resulting Risk)
c. Confined Space Permit
of LOTO)
in medical
d. Sniffer/respirator
treatment
4. Close Tank / to lower
or temporary
the
a. Fall exposure Total Risk?
disability / loss
a. Fallof function)
protection plan
Restore system b. Foreign
Severity X Object Damage = Risk
Likelihood b. Account for all
c. Ergonomic Stress tools/material
4 X 3
d. H2S= 12 (Medium
Likelihood = 3 c. Risk)
Proper tool selection

22 XX e.11(Possible
== 22system
Restore (Very
(Very Low
Low Risk)
and
Risk)body positioning
1:10,000) d. Sniffer/respirator
e. Lockout plan
Section IV Example – Annual H2S Tank Inspection (Visual)

Required Safety
Work Activity Hazards Present
Measures/PPE
1. Isolate & purge tank a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
system b. H2S exposure b. Sniffer/respirator

2. Open tank man way a. Fall exposure a. Fall protection plan

b. Flying Debris b. Machine guards, face
c. Ergonomic Stress shield, long sleeves, gloves
d. H2S c. Proper tool selection and
body positioning
d. Sniffer/respirator
3. Utilize inspection a. Release of energy a. Lockout plan
camera b. Fall exposure b. Fall protection plan
c. Ergonomic Stress c. Proper tool selection and
d. H2S body positioning
d. Sniffer/respirator
4. Close Tank / Restore a. Fall exposure a. Fall protection plan
system b. Foreign Object Damage b. Account for all
c. Ergonomic Stress tools/material
d. H2S c. Proper tool selection and
e. Restore system body positioning
d. Sniffer/respirator
e. Lockout plan
Various Uses of JSA

♦ Developing or updating procedures

♦ Training employees
♦ Conducting inspections
♦ Investigating incidents
♦ Completion of STAs
What is an STA?

♦ An STA is an incident prevention procedure

that provides sufficient
instruction to adequately
integrate safety into DAILY
tasks
− All task steps must be listed
− All hazards must be identified
− Protective measures must be applied
• PPE, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls
♦ Supervisor participation and sign-off of STAs is a field
requirement on a daily basis
When Do We Do an STA?

♦ Each and every time that a task is to be performed

♦ Each and every time a task changes
− Task changes create new risks
♦ If a task step is not on the STA, STOP work and address/
document the new hazards and/or risks
Why Do We Do an STA?

Avoid INCIDENT and INJURY

♦ To safely plan our work
− Identify, evaluate and develop methods to safely manage risks
− Communicate all known hazards to protect employees
− Prevent incidents
− Ensure supervisor and employee accountability
− Capture lessons learned
If we fail to plan, we plan to fail!
Steps 1-7 for Completing and STA

1. Task assignment received

2. Each line supervisor and involved
employees review the task(s) to be
performed at the location of the work
3. Each task step is discussed with the team
performing the work
4. Team reviews the applicable procedures
and JSAs
5. Team identifies potential hazards
associated with the work
6. Team addresses how the hazards will be
mitigated, incorporating lessons learned
from previous tasks
7. Tasks, hazards, and controls are
documented on the STA form
Steps 8-14 for Completing and STA

8. Complete remaining sections of the form

(PPE, Permits)Each line supervisor and
involved employees review the task(s) to
be performed at the location of the work
9. Supervisor asks the crew, “Are you
prepared to perform this work safely?”
10. ALL sign the STA form (understanding &
compliance)
11. Display the STA in work area until end of
shift
12. Supervision monitors job
13. Perform post-job debrief and sign form
14. Submit to HSE department for review Post-STA Briefing
• Signatures
and recordkeeping
• Continuous improvement
• HSE issues
• Documents injuries/incidents
STA
STA
Think “What If”

♦ Fosters situational awareness and encourages thought about

HSE before action is taken.
♦ Helps a person avoid the “unknowns.”
♦ Alerts people to imminent hazards, warning signs, and
uncertainties in the work environment or with the plan.
♦ Encourages the user to stop and resolve questions about
hazards, warnings, or uncertainties before proceeding.
Think “What If”

♦ Doubt must be followed up with the discovery of facts, to

reveal more knowledge about the situation.
♦ Complacency and lack of knowledge undermine awareness.
♦ People tend to assume that activities will go as planned.
♦ People are reluctant to think of the worst possibilities.
♦ A healthy questioning attitude will overcome the temptation to
rationalize away gut feelings that something is not right.
Change – An Error Indicator

♦ Change - When things do not go according to plan

How do you
recognize change?

How do you
manage change?

What constitutes
change?

What are the means and methods

NOT TO USE in managing change?
STOP

♦ When there is a:

Concern with
the plan

Misunderstanding Change from

of the plan the plan
Pre-Task Meetings

♦ Pre-task meetings will be conducted prior to each task

− Discussion should include:
• Completed pre-task planning documents with all employees directly
involved in the activity
• Area where work is performed
• Scope of work
• Equipment used
• Hazards and control measures (including PPE)
• Evacuation and emergency procedures
Review

♦ Identifying solutions to hazards is based on a Hierarchy of Controls:

− Elimination
− Substitution
− Engineering
− Administrative Controls
− PPE
♦ A JSA is a comprehensive process that identifies hazards associated with
each step of a job and develops solutions for each hazard that will either
eliminate or control the hazard.
♦ The selection criteria prior to beginning a JSA includes:
− High Potential Severity Operations (Life Critical)
− Incident History
− Live Machinery/Equipment
♦ Life Critical Operations are those activities that have resulted in, or have
the potential to result in, fatalities or serious injuries.
♦ A JSA Team should be comprised of more than one person in order to
provide a greater range of technical competence.
Review

♦ Developing/updating procedures, training employees, conducting

inspections, investigating incidents, and completion of STAs are all various
uses of the JSA.
♦ Supervisor participation and sign-off of the STA is a field requirement on a
daily basis.
♦ An STA is completed each and every time a task is performed, each and
every time a task changes, and if a task is not on the STA, STOP work and
address/document the new hazards and risks.
♦ Proper preparation prior to both a job and a task can significantly reduce
the occurrence of incidents AND increase quality and productivity.
♦ A driver of JSAs is complicated tasks with severe hazards.
♦ The STA is a process of identifying and communicating to each employee
the steps, hazards and risks associated with a task, and the safe work
practices that are to be applied to complete the task.
♦ Some examples of prioritizing jobs for safety analysis are:
− History of fatalities
− High frequency of incidents
− Potential for serious harm
Review

♦ A major severity level under the people category is defined as an injury or

illness resulting in permanent total or partial disability.
♦ The completion of an STA includes:
− Listing all task steps
− Identifying all hazards
− Applying protective measures
♦ The reason to complete an STA is to safely plan our work.
Important Note

Please be aware that the content of this course

is specifically designed to address
Fluor practices related to the subject matter.

♦ There may be additional regional, local, state, and in-country requirements,

which must be fulfilled or understood in order to execute specific
responsibilities related to the course subject matter.
♦ Please seek direction and counsel from local HSE professionals to ascertain
such regional requirements and information.
Class Exercise – STA

♦ Use an STA to assess a task.