Department of pharmacy

Level 2

Analytical chemistry
(Quantitative analysis )
Dr. Waleed Al-sameai
B. Sc. Physical Chemistry (Taiz University)
M. Sc. Science Chemistry (UKM, Malaysia)
Ph. D. Science Chemistry (UKM, Malaysia)
 Chemistry Science

Chemistry – study of what substances are

made of and how they change and combine.
Examples of elements:
C – Carbon H – Hydrogen
O – Oxygen N – Nitrogen

Examples of compounds:

H2O, CO2, HCl, NaCl

 Compounds are classified into 2 groups:
1. Inorganic Compounds – come from nonliving substances (In = not Organic
= living)
Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon and hydrogen. They may
contain one or the other, but they don't contain both.

H2O HCl

NaCl NaOH

2. Organic Compounds – come from living substances

Organic compounds are formed in nature by activities of living organisms.

*They always contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Paracetamol Aspirin
 Is a form of matter that has a Is a combination of two or more
definite (constant ) composition substances in which the substances
and distinct properties. Example: retain their distinct identities.
Matter Example: Air, soft drink, and pizza
water , sugar and gold

Pure
Mixture
substance

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Is a substance that Is a substance composed of Is a mixture in which Is a mixture in which

cannot be separated atoms of two or more the composition is the composition is not
into simpler substances elements chemically united the same throughout. the same uniform.
by chemical means in fixed proportions. Example: sugar in Example: fruit salad
Example: water, ammonia water
 Element compound

Heterogeneous
magnet mixture

Homogeneous mixture
 States of matter

Gas Liquid Solid

•Molecules are •Molecules are •Molecules are held
separated by close together but close together in
distance not held so rigidly orderly fashion with
in position and can little freedom of
•Have no definite move past on
shape motion.
another
•Have no definite •Have a definite
•Have no definite shape
volume shape
•Have a definite
•Have a definite volume
volume
 Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the theory and practice of

methods used to determine the composition of matter and the
answer to two important questions:

Q1. What is it? (Qualitative)

Q2. How much is it? (Quantitative)

 Types of chemical analysis
1. Qualitative analysis:
It deals with the identification of elements, ions or compounds,
which present in a sample.
Ex. NaCl is a salt consists of two radicals: acidic radical is Cl ̶ and
basic radical is Na+.

2. Quantitative analysis:
It deals with the determination of how much of one or more
constituents is present in a sample.
Ex. We have a sample of NaCl, what is the percentage of the
chloride in this sample?
Types of quantitative analysis:
There are three types:
I) Volumetric analysis II) Gravimetric analysis III) Instrumental analysis
 Analytical chemistry and pharmacy

All drugs are chemicals. Therefore, it is needless to say that to become a

good pharmacist the knowledge of the chemistry of drugs is essential.
Analysis in drug it is very important as it involves life.

Analytical chemistry provides knowledge of compound separation,

identification and quantification that can be useful for measuring bioactivity
of drugs, purifying drugs during synthesis, and identifying drug metabolic
pathways.

Pharmaceutical analysis is the branch of pharmacy that is responsible for

developing sensitive, reliable and more accurate methods, for the estimation of
drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological system.
 Some important units of measurement

SI units: International system of units based upon seven fundamental base units
as:
Prefix Symbol Meaning Example
tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012 1 terameter (Tm) = 1 x 1012 m

giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1 x 109 m

mega- M 1,000,000 or 106 1 megameter (Mm) = 1 x 106 m

kilo- K 1,000 or 103 1 kilometer (km) = 1 x 103 m

deci- d 1/10 or 10-1 1 decimeter (dm) = 1 x 10-1 m

centi- c 1/100 or 10-2 1 centimeter (cm) = 1 x 10-2m

milli- m 1/1,00 or 10-3 1 millimeter (mm) =1 x 10-3 m

micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10-6 1 micrometer (µm) = 1 x 10-6 m

nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10-9 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 x 10-9 m

pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10-12 1 picometer (pm) =1 x 10-12 m

The mole:
The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a chemical species. It is always
associated with a chemical formula and represents Avogadro's number
(6.022×1023 molecule/mol) of the species represented by that formula.

The number of molecules can be calculated from the following equation:

Number of molecules = Number of moles × Avogadro's number

Molecular weight (Mol.wt.):

It is the weight in grams of 1 mole of the substance and can be calculated by
summing the atomic weights of all the atoms appearing in a chemical formula.
Equivalent weight (Eq.wt.):
We can calculate the equivalent weight of a substance from the following
equation

Where: n = The number of reactant units.

"n" can be calculated as follow:

1. In case of acids: n = number of substituted hydrogen atoms
2. In case of bases: n = number of substituted hydroxyl groups
3. In case of salts: n = number of metal ions × equivalence of the metal

Equivalence of some metals:

(Na = +1, K = +1, Mg = +2, Ca= +2, Ba = +2, Al = +3, Ag = +1, Fe = +2 or +3, Cu = +1 or
+2)