PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize

Plant Anatomy
OBJECTIVE 3.01

• Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.

 PLANT SCIENCES

• Biology-the branch of science that deals with both

plant and animal organisms and life processes
• Zoology-the part of biology that deals with
animals
• Botany the part of biology that deals with plants
 PLANT SCIENCES
• Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes
for which the plants are grown
• Agronomy-The science and practice of
growing field crops such as cotton, wheat,
tobacco, corn and soybeans.
• Forestry-The science and practice of growing,
managing and harvesting trees for building
materials and other products.
• Horticulture-The science and practice of
growing, processing and marketing fruits,
vegetables, and ornamental plants
 LIFE CYCLES OF PLANTS
• Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in
one year

• Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in

two years

• Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years

 LEAF RETENTION
• Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season
• Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year-
round
 MOISTURE IN PLANTS
• Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture

• Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have

enough moisture
 PLANT GROWTH
• Dormant
• A plant rest or grows very little
• Response to an adverse condition
 SEASON CROP TYPE

• Cool Season
• Plants relish cool weather
• Pansies grow best in spring or fall
• Warm Season
• Grow best in summer and early fall
• Zinnia
• Marigold
• Vinca
• Poinsettia
OBJECTIVE 3.02

• Discuss the anatomy and

functions of plants.
 LEAVES-EXTERNAL

• Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the

leaf to the stem
• Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf
• Midrib-the large center vein
• Veins-the structural framework of the leaf
• Margin-the edge of the leaf
• Apex – Leaf Tip
LEAVES-EXTERNAL
 LEAVES-INTERNAL

• Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that

prevents the loss of too much moisture
• Stomates-small openings under the leaf for
breathing or transpiration
• Guard Cells-open and close stomates
 LEAVES-INTERNAL

• Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain

chlorophyll
• gives leaves their green color
• necessary for photosynthesis
LEAVES-INTERNAL
LEAVES-INTERNAL
 LEAVE-ADDITIONS
• Sessile describes leaves without a petiole
• Example zinnia
• Bracts are modified leaves
• Example poinsettia
• Needles and scales are modified leaves
• Example pine tree
 LEAVE-ADDITIONS
• Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy
feel
• Example southern magnolia
• Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel
• Example African violet
 LEAVE-FUNCTIONS
• Respiration
• converts sugars and starches into energy
• Transpiration
• release of water vapor from the leaves of plants
• It also cools the plant
 FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants

which is the beginning of the food chain for all living
things
• Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of light are
converted to sugar and oxygen
• Video
 STEMS-EXTERNAL

• Lenticels-breathing pores
• Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have
been located
• Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached
• Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem
• Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem
 STEMS-INTERNAL

• Xylem-tissue that Phloem Phloem

transports water
and nutrients up
from the roots to
stems and leaves

• Phloem-tissue that
transports food
down from leaves
to roots Xylem
 STEMS-INTERNAL

• Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue

located between bark and wood and produces all
new stem cells
• Bark-old inactive phloem
• Heartwood-old inactive xylem
• Sapwood-new active xylem
 STEMS-INTERNAL

Bark

Cambium
Sapwood

Heartwood
 STEMS-INTERNAL

• Monocots-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain

both xylem and phloem in each bundle
• Produce one seed leaf (cotyledons)
• examples: corn, grasses

• Dicots-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem

layer separated by cambium
• Produce two seed leaves (cotyledons)
• example: trees
 STEMS-INTERNAL

Monocot Dicot
 FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots

up to the leaves and move food from the leaves
down to the roots

• Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds

• Video
 ROOTS-EXTERNAL

• Root cap- indicates growth of new cells

• Root Hairs - absorb moisture (water) and minerals

Root
images
from a rice
plant
 ROOTS-INTERNAL

• Much like stems in that they have a phloem,

cambium, and xylem layer

• Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the

root

• Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and

minerals up to the stem
 LAYERS OF ROOTS
• Fibrous-many branched shallow roots
• are easier to transplant

• Tap-long root with few branched ones

• more difficult to transplant
 FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS
• Absorption-take water and nutrients from the
soil and conduct them to the stem
• Anchor the plant and hold it upright
• Store food for plant use
• Asexual reproduction in some plants
• Video
 FLOWERS
• Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect
flower bud before it opens
• Petals-are really leaves that are modified to
attract insects for flower pollination, the
pretty part that we call flowers
• Stamen-male part of the flower
• Pistil-female part of the flower
FLOWERS
 PARTS OF THE STAMEN

• Filament-short stalk that holds up the

anther
• Anther-a sac-like structure that contains
pollen, the male sex cells
 PARTS OF THE PISTIL

• Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become

seeds if fertilized
• Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
• Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the
ovary
• Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects
leave pollen
 PARTS OF THE PISTIL
Stigma

Style

Ovary
 COMPLETE-VS-INCOMPLETE

• Complete flowers have both male and female parts

• Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

 FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS
• Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction
• Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is
the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.)
• Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry
seeds
• Helps with seed dispersal
• Video
OBJECTIVE 3.03

• Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

 TAXONOMY
• The science of classifying and identifying plants
• Scientific names are used because the same
common name is used for different plants in
different areas of the world.
KARL VON LINNE

• Swedish botanist that developed the

binomial system of naming plants
using two Latin words to indicate the
genus and species.
• Linne changed his name to the Latin
name Carolus Linneaus.
 SCIENTIFIC NAMES

• Latin is the language used for scientific

classification.
• The first word is the genus and the second word is
the species. If there are additional words, they
indicate a variety or cultivar.
 GENUS VS. SPECIES
• Plants in the same genus have similar
characteristics.
• Plants in the same species consistently produce
plants of the same type.
 SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION

• The broadest category of scientific classification is

the Kingdom--either plant or animal.
• The broadest category in the plant kingdom is
division or phylum.
 DIVISIONS
• The four most important divisions of the plant
kingdom are:
• Thallophites
• Bryophytes
• Pteriophytes
• Spermatophytes
 SPERMATOPHYTES

• Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants

• Two subdivisions are:
• Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
COMMON PLANT GENUS
• Pinus-Pine
• Cornus-dogwood

• Acer-Maple
• Rhododendron-
rhododendron
• Ilex-Holly
• Quercus-oak
• Ficus-fig