Three-Phase AC machines

Resource 1

Introduction to Motors and Generators

Three-Phase AC Machines
Introduction to Motors and Generators
Resource 1

Aims

• To provide an understanding of the motor and generator effect that links electricity
to magnetism

• To provide an understanding of how to apply Fleming’s left and right hand rules.
Three-Phase AC Machines
Introduction to Motors and Generators
Resource 1

Objectives
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• Describe the effects of placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
• Perform simple calculations for the force on a conductor in a magnetic field
• Apply Fleming’s Left Hand Motor rule
• Describe the effects of moving a conductor through a magnetic field
• Perform simple calculations for the induced EMF across a conductor moving through a
magnetic field
• Apply Fleming’s Right Hand Generator Rule
• Describe the effects of passing a current through a coil of wire to form an
electromagnet
 The Motor Effect

F =B I L [Newtons]

North pole B = Density of the magnetic flux in Teslas

I = Induced current in Amps

L L = Length of conductor in field in metres

Force F
Example 1
B If a conductor of length 0.4m carrying a current
I of 10.6A is placed in a magnetic field with a flux
density of 0.03T, determine the force
South pole experienced by this conductor in newtons.

F = 0.03 x 10.6 x 0.4

= 0.1272 N
 The Motor Effect

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

North pole
Each digit of your hand must be at right
angles to both of the other two
thumb
L second motion
Force finger
current first finger
B field
I

South pole

If the current is reversed, the direction of

motion will change
 The Motor Effect

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two
second
F finger
current
Force thumb
motion
B
I first finger
field
South pole
If the current is reversed, the direction of
motion will change
 The Motor Effect

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two
second
F finger
current
Force
thumb
motion
B
I
first finger
field
South pole
If the field is reversed, the motion will be
in the opposite direction
 The Motor Effect

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Each digit of your hand must be at right
South pole angles to both of the other two

second
F field finger
first finger
current
Force
thumb
B motion
I

North pole If the field is reversed, the motion will be in

the opposite direction
 The Motor Effect

Using the following convention, we can show why Fleming’s left hand rule works

Current into page Current out of page

field is clockwise field is anticlockwise

 The Motor Effect

Field lines in the same direction cause repulsion, field lines in opposite
directions cause attraction

North Pole North Pole

Force attraction
repulsion

repulsion Force
attraction

South Pole South Pole

 The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil

North Pole

Blue spot represents

the central pivot
point

South Pole
 The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil

Top conductor North Pole

experiences
force to left

Force

South Pole
 The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil

Top conductor North Pole

experiences force to
left

Force

Force
Bottom conductor
experiences force to
South Pole right
 The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil

Top conductor North Pole

experiences force to
left

Force

Force
Bottom conductor
experiences force to
South Pole right

Combined action causes rotation

 The Motor Effect

Forces add up to a rotational force called Torque (T) in Newtons per metre

North Pole

T T

South Pole
 The Motor Effect

For a multi-turn coil

Torque produced
North Pole T= 2nFr

n = number of coil turns

T T F = force on single conductor

r = radius of coil

South Pole
 The Motor Effect

For a multi-turn coil Torque produced

T= 2nFr
North Pole
Example 2
A 100 turn coil has a radius of 0.1m and a length
of 0.15m. It is placed at right angles in a magnetic
field of flux density 0.08T and carries 12A,
calculate the force on each conductor and the
T total torque produced by the coil.
T
F = B I L = 0.08 x 12 x 0.15

= 0.144 N

T = 2nFr = 2 x 100 x 0.144 x 0.1

South Pole
= 2.88 Nm
 The Generator Effect

e =B L v [Volts]

B = Density of the magnetic flux in Teslas

North pole
L = Length of conductor in field in metres
- B
e v = velocity in metres per second

Velocity + Example 3
L
I Calculate the EMF induced across the ends of a
v wire of length 0.3m when it is moved through a
magnetic field of flux density 0.015T at a speed
of 50m/s..
South pole
e = 0.015 x 0.3 x 50

= 0.225 Volts
 The Generator Effect

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two
- B
second
e finger
thumb
Velocity + current
L I motion

v first finger
field

South pole
If the motion is reversed, the polarity of
EMF will change and the current will be
reversed
 The Generator Effect

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two

+ B second
finger thumb
e
Velocity motion
current
-
L v
first finger
I field

South pole
If the motion is reversed, the polarity of
EMF will change and the current will be
reversed
 The Generator Effect

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two

+ B second
finger thumb
e
Velocity motion
current
-
L v
first finger
I field

South pole
If the field is reversed, the polarity of EMF
will change again and the current will be
reversed again
 The Generator Effect

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

South pole Each digit of your hand must be at right

angles to both of the other two

- B
first finger
e
field thumb
Velocity
+ motion
L
second current
I finger

North pole
If the field is reversed, the polarity of EMF
will change again and the current will be
reversed again
 The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil

North Pole

Motion

Motion

South Pole

EMF generated in both sides of the coil add up

 The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil

North Pole Linear velocity v of each conductor can

be worked out from the rotational speed
N and the radius r
v

v=2πrN m/s
60

The total EMF E of a coil having n turns

moving at right angles to a magnetic field is
v as follows

South Pole
E=2ne Volts
 The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil

Example 4
A 200 turn coil has a radius of 0.12m and a
length of 0.23m.
It is placed in a magnetic field of flux
density 0.06T and rotated at 3000rpm.
When the coil is in its vertical position at = 37.7 m/s
right angles to the field, calculate (a) the
EMF on each conductor (b) the total EMF v = 2 π x 0.12 x 3000
produced by the coil. 60
e = 0.06 x 0.23 x 37.7

e =B L v Volts

v =2πrN m/s E = 2 x 200 x 0.52

60
= 0.52 Volts

E=2ne Volts = 208.1 Volts

 Electromagnetism

When a coil is formed of many wire turns, the magnetic fields around each wire add up to
produce a strong electromagnet.

One side of this magnet will be a North Pole while the other side will be a South Pole

If the current in the electromagnet is reversed, the magnetic poles will swap sides.
 Electromagnetism

If the coil is wrapped around a soft iron core, the electromagnetic field becomes much stronger.

Electromagnets are used in motors and generators so that the strength of the field can be
varied.

In a motor, this affects the speed and torque produced. In a generator, it affects the voltage
generated.
 Further Study – Types of motor

DC motors
Series Field
Shunt Field
Compound Field

AC induction
Squirrel Cage

Slip ring – wound rotor

AC synchronous

Salient Pole

Cylindrical
 Further Study - DC Motor Performance

Shunt Field Series Field Compound Field

Speed

Torque
 Further Study - AC Motor Performance

Synchronous Cage Induction Wound induction

Speed Speed