Tree

• In linear data structure, data is organized in

sequential order and in non-linear data
structure, data is organized in random order.
• Tree is a very popular data structure used in
wide range of applications.
• Tree is a non-linear data structure which
organizes data in hierarchical structure.
• In tree data structure, every individual
element is called as Node. Node in a tree
data structure, stores the actual data of that
particular element and link to next element
in hierarchical structure.
• Tree data structure is a collection of data
(Node) which is organized in hierarchical
structure
 Terminology
Root
• In a tree data structure, the first node is called
as Root Node. Every tree must have root node.
• We can say that root node is the origin of tree
data structure.
• In any tree, there must be only one root node.
• We never have multiple root nodes in a tree.
 Edge
• In a tree data structure, the connecting link
between any two nodes is called as EDGE.
• In a tree with 'N' number of nodes there will
be a maximum of 'N-1' number of edges.
 Parent
• In a tree data structure, the node which is
predecessor of any node is called as PARENT
NODE. In simple words, the node which has
branch from it to any other node is called as
parent node. Parent node can also be defined
as "The node which has child / children".
 Child
• In a tree data structure, the node which is
descendant of any node is called as CHILD
Node. In simple words, the node which has a
link from its parent node is called as child
node.
 Siblings
• In a tree data structure, nodes which belong
to same Parent are called as SIBLINGS.
 Leaf
• In a tree data structure, the node which
does not have a child is called as LEAF
Node.
• In a tree data structure, the leaf nodes
are also called as External Nodes.
• External node is also a node with no
child.
• In a tree, leaf node is also called as
'Terminal' node.
Leaf
 Internal Nodes
• In a tree data structure, the node which has at
least one child is called as INTERNAL Node.
• In a tree data structure, nodes other than leaf
nodes are called as Internal Nodes.
• The root node is also said to be Internal
Node if the tree has more than one node.
• Internal nodes are also called as 'Non-
Terminal‘ nodes.
 Degree
• In a tree data structure, the total number of
subtree of a node is called as DEGREE of that
Node.
• The highest degree of a node among all the
nodes in a tree is called as 'Degree of Tree'
 Level
• In a tree data structure, the root node is said
to be at Level 0 and the children of root node
are at Level 1 and the children of the nodes
which are at Level 1 will be at Level 2 and so
on...
• In a tree each step from top to bottom is
called as a Level and the Level count starts
with '0' and incremented by one at each level
(Step).
Level
 Height
• In a tree data structure, the total number of
edges from leaf node to a particular node in
the longest path is called as HEIGHT of that
Node.
• In a tree, height of the root node is said to
be height of the tree.
 Depth
• In a tree data structure, the total number
of edges from root node to a particular
node is called as DEPTH of that Node.
• In a tree, the total number of edges from
root node to a leaf node in the longest
path is said to be Depth of the tree.
• In a tree, depth of the root node is '0'.
 Path
• In a tree data structure, the sequence of Nodes
and Edges from one node to another node is
called as PATH between that two Nodes.
• Length of a Path is total number of nodes in
that path. In below example the path A - B - E - J
has length 4.
 Sub Tree
• In a tree data structure, each child from a
node forms a sub tree recursively.
 Binary Tree
• In a normal tree, every node can have any
number of children.
• Binary tree is a special type of tree data
structure in which every node can have
a maximum of 2 children. One is known as left
child and the other is known as right child.
• A tree in which every node can have a
maximum of two children is called as Binary
Tree.
• In a binary tree, every node can have either 0
children or 1 child or 2 children but not more
than 2 children.
 Strictly Binary Tree
• A binary tree in which every node has either
two or zero number of children is called
Strictly Binary Tree.
• In strictly binary tree, every node should have
exactly two children or none.
• Strictly binary tree is also called as Full Binary
Tree or Proper Binary Tree or 2-Tree
• Strictly binary tree data structure is used to
represent mathematical expressions.
 Complete Binary Tree
• In complete binary tree all the nodes must have
exactly two children and at every level of
complete binary tree there must be 2level number
of nodes.
• For example at level 2 there must be 22 = 4 nodes
and at level 3 there must be 23 = 8 nodes.
• A binary tree in which every internal node has
exactly two children and all leaf nodes are at
same level is called Complete Binary Tree.
• Complete binary tree is also called as Perfect
Binary Tree
 Graph
• A Graph is a non-linear data structure
consisting of nodes and edges.
• The nodes are sometimes also referred to as
vertices
• The links that connect the vertices are
called edges.
• Graph is a collection of nodes and edges
which connects nodes in the graph.
• Generally, a graph G is represented as
G = ( V , E ), where V is set of vertices and E is
set of edges.
 Example
• The following is a graph with 5 vertices and 6
edges.
• This graph G can be defined as G = ( V , E )
• Where V = {A,B,C,D,E} and
E = {(A,B),(A,C)(A,D),(B,D),(C,D),(B,E),(E,D)}.
 Graph Terminology
Vertex
• A individual data element of a graph is called
as Vertex. Vertex is also known as node. In
above example graph, A, B, C, D & E are
known as vertices.
Edge
• An edge is a connecting link between two
vertices. Edge is also known as Arc. An edge is
represented as (startingVertex, endingVertex).
• For example, in above graph, the link between
vertices A and B is represented as (A,B). In above
example graph, there are 7 edges (i.e., (A,B),
(A,C), (A,D), (B,D), (B,E), (C,D), (D,E)).
Edges are three types.
• Undirected Edge - An undirected edge is a
bidirectional edge. If there is a undirected edge
between vertices A and B then edge (A , B) is
equal to edge (B , A).
• Directed Edge - A directed edge is a
unidirectional edge. If there is a directed edge
between vertices A and B then edge (A , B) is not
equal to edge (B , A).
• Weighted Edge - A weighted edge is an edge with
cost on it
Undirected Graph
• A graph with only undirected edges is said to
be undirected graph.

Directed Graph
• A graph with only directed edges is said to be
directed graph.

Mixed Graph
• A graph with undirected and directed edges is
said to be mixed graph.
End vertices or Endpoints
The two vertices joined by an edge are called the end
vertices (or endpoints) of the edge.

Origin
If an edge is directed, its first endpoint is said to be origin
of it.

Destination
If an edge is directed, its first endpoint is said to be origin
of it and the other endpoint is said to be the destination
of the edge.

Adjacent
Two node or vertices are adjacent if they are connected
to each other through an edge.
Outgoing Edge
• A directed edge is said to be outgoing edge on
its origin vertex.

Incoming Edge
• A directed edge is said to be incoming edge on
its destination vertex.

Degree
• Total number of edges connected to a vertex is
said to be degree of that vertex.
Indegree
• Total number of incoming edges connected to a vertex
is said to be indegree of that vertex.
Outdegree
• Total number of outgoing edges connected to a vertex
is said to be outdegree of that vertex.
Path
• Path represents a sequence of edges between the two
vertices.
Forest
• A forest is an acyclic graph (i.e., a graph without any
graph cycles)
Strongly Connected
• A directed graph is said to be strongly connected, if
every vertex is reachable from every other vertex.
• A cyclic graph is a graph containing at least one graph cycle.
A graph that is not cyclic is said to be acyclic.
 Graph Representations
Following two are the most commonly used representations of a graph.
1. Adjacency Matrix
2. Adjacency List
1. Adjacency Matrix
In this representation, graph can be represented using a matrix of size total
number of vertices by total number of vertices. That means if a graph with 4
vertices can be represented using a matrix of 4X4 class. In this matrix, rows
and columns both represents vertices. This matrix is filled with either 1 or 0.
Here, 1 represents there is an edge from row vertex to column vertex and 0
represents there is no edge from row vertex to column vertex.
 Adjacency Matrix
Consider the following undirected graph
representation...
Directed graph representation...
 Adjacency List
• In this representation, every vertex of graph
contains list of its adjacent vertices.
 Single-Source Shortest Path Problem
Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Single-Source Shortest Path Problem - The
problem of finding shortest paths from a source
vertex v to all other vertices in the graph.
 Applications
- Maps (Map Quest, Google Maps)
- Routing Systems
 Dijkstra's algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm - is a solution to the single-source
shortest path problem in graph theory.

Works on both directed and undirected graphs. However,

all edges must have nonnegative weights.

Input: Weighted graph G={V,E} and source vertex v∈V,

such that all edge weights are nonnegative

Output: Lengths of shortest paths (or the shortest paths

themselves) from a given source vertex v∈V to all other
vertices
 Algorithm
1. Mark all nodes unvisited. Create a set of all the unvisited nodes called the
unvisited set.
2. Assign to every node a tentative distance value: set it to zero for our initial node
and to infinity for all other nodes. Set the initial node as current.
3. For the current node, consider all of its unvisited neighbors and calculate their
tentative distances through the current node. Compare the newly calculated
tentative distance to the current assigned value and assign the smaller one. For
example, if the current node A is marked with a distance of 6, and the edge
connecting it with a neighbor B has length 2, then the distance to B through A will
be 6 + 2 = 8. If B was previously marked with a distance greater than 8 then change
it to 8. Otherwise, keep the current value.
4. When we are done considering all of the unvisited neighbors of the current node,
mark the current node as visited and remove it from the unvisited set. A visited
node will never be checked again.
5. If the destination node has been marked visited (when planning a route between
two specific nodes) or if the smallest tentative distance among the nodes in the
unvisited set is infinity (when planning a complete traversal; occurs when there is
no connection between the initial node and remaining unvisited nodes), then stop.
The algorithm has finished.
6. Otherwise, select the unvisited node that is marked with the smallest tentative
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distance, set it as the new "current node", and go back to step 3.
 Dijkstra pseudocode
Dijkstra(v1, v2):
for each vertex v: // Initialization
v's distance := infinity.
v's previous := none.
v1's distance := 0.
List := {all vertices}.

while List is not empty:

v := remove List vertex with minimum distance.
mark v as known.
for each unknown neighbor n of v:
dist := v's distance + edge (v, n)'s weight.

if dist is smaller than n's distance:

n's distance := dist.
n's previous := v.

reconstruct path from v2 back to v1,

following previous pointers.
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 Example: Initialization

Distance(source) = 0 0 ∞ Distance (all vertices

A
2
B but source) = ∞

4 1 3 10

2 2 ∞
∞ C D E

5 8 ∞ 4 6

1
F G

∞ ∞

Pick vertex in List with minimum distance.

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 Example: Update neighbors'
distance
0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2 ∞
∞ C D E

5 8 1 4 6

Distance(B) = 2 1
F G
Distance(D) = 1
∞ ∞

48
Example: Remove vertex with
minimum distance
0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2 ∞
∞ C D E

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G

∞ ∞

Pick vertex in List with minimum distance, i.e., D

49
 Example: Update neighbors

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

Distance(C) = 1 + 2 = 3
Distance(E) = 1 + 2 = 3
Distance(F) = 1 + 8 = 9
Distance(G) = 1 + 4 = 5
1
F G
9 5

50
 Example: Continued...
Pick vertex in List with minimum distance (B) and update neighbors
0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6
Note : distance(D) not
F
1
G updated since D is
already known and
9 5 distance(E) not updated
since it is larger than
previously computed

51
 Example: Continued...
Pick vertex List with minimum distance (E) and update neighbors

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G
No updating
9 5

52
 Example: Continued...
Pick vertex List with minimum distance (C) and update neighbors

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

Distance(F) = 3 + 5 = 8 1
F G

8 5

53
 Example: Continued...
Pick vertex List with minimum distance (G) and update neighbors

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G
Previous distance
6 5
Distance(F) = min (8, 5+1) = 6

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 Example (end)

0 2
2
A B

4 1 3 10

2 2
3 C D E 3

5 8 1 4 6

1
F G

6 5
Pick vertex not in S with lowest cost (F) and update neighbors

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