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Conditioning
Presented by
Group - II
Group Members
Refrigeration
Solar Refrigeration
Cooling Methods
Sorption Technology
Defrosting – Introduction
Frost Formation
Methods of Defrosting
Conclusion
References
What is Refrigeration ?
“It is the science of providing and maintaining temperatures below that of
surroundings atmosphere.”
This is mostly accomplished by Vapour compression and absorption system.
The performance of a refrigeration system is indicated by its COP
(Coefficient of Performance).
Schematic representation of a Vapour compression cycle
Need of some Renewable Source
Either electricity can be produced first and then used to run the compressor or
the compressor could directly be coupled to the turbine.
Solar Photovoltaic Cooling Systems
PV Cell – A solid-state semiconductor device that converts light energy into
electrical energy.
Output of a PV cell – Direct current (DC) while most domestic and industrial
electrical appliances use Alternating Current (AC).
Components
Single Effect :- A solar FPC or an ETC with hot water is used to implement these
systems with LiBr/water pair.
Half Effect :- The primary feature of the half-effect absorption cycle is the
running capability at lower temperatures compared to others.
The name “half-effect” arises from the COP, which is almost half
that of the single-effect cycle.
Double-effect:- Two single-effect systems effectively form a double-effect
absorption cooling system; therefore, the COP of a double-effect system is
almost twice that of the single-effect absorption system. In the past few years,
the COP of double-effect absorption systems has reached values of 1.1–1.2 by
using gas-fired absorption technology.
The cycle starts at the absorber. The absorber receives the The cycle begins with generator-I providing heat to generator II. The
vapor-refrigerant from the refrigerator and creates a rich-mixture. condenser rejects the heat and passes the working fluid
The pump forwards this mixture to the generator or the high towards the evaporator; within this step, the required refrigeration
pressure zone (desorber). In the generator, the refrigerant is then occurs. Then, the fluids pass through the heat-exchangers (HX-I
separated from the absorbent by the heat provided by the solar and HX-II) from the absorber to generator-I by means of a pump.
collector. Using a pressure-relief valve, the weak-solution then Through this process, HX-II can pass the fluids to generator-II and
returns to the absorber. A SHX (solution heat-exchanger) is in then generator-II passes to HX-I. The complete cycle follows three
place to recover the internal heat. different pressure levels: high, medium and low
Solar Adsorption Cooling Technologies
Faraday first introduced vapor adsorption technology in 1848,
using a solid adsorbent. Adsorption cycles were first used in
refrigeration and heat pumps in the early 1990s.
The disadvantages of liquid–vapor systems were overcome by using solid–vapor
cycles; this technology was first marketed in the 1920s.
Adsorption refrigeration technology has been used for many
specific applications, such as purification, separation and thermal
refrigeration technologies.
Difference :- The adsorption process differs from the absorption process in the following
ways:-
Absorption is volumetric phenomenon, whereas adsorption is a surface phenomenon.
It has zero ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential).
Advantages of Solar Adsorption
Cooling over Absorption Cooling
Adsorption technology can system. For example, to design an
accommodate high temperature absorption system with a
heat sources without corrosion, H2O/NH3 working pair, extra
whereas corrosion equipment (dephlegmate) is
occurs above 200 C in absorption required because the boiling points
technology. of water and ammonia
are very close.
Adsorption technology is better
equipped to handle vibration
issues in a cooling system than
absorption technology.
An adsorption system is simpler to
design than an absorption
Research Studies Conducted
Solar energy can easily be used in the adsorption cooling systems. The
performance of the solar adsorption cooling systems was reported by several
researchers.
The activated carbon/ammonia pair has the same adsorption heat, it is more
preferable than the activated carbon/methanol pair because it has larger
working pressure (16 bar).
Tchernev, Pons, Guilleminot, and Grenier et al. reported the COP values of 0.10–
0.12 with the solar powered adsorption systems using zeolite/water, and Critoph
reported the COP value of 0.05 using activated-carbon/ammonia.
Wang et al. developed a prototype of solar adsorption cooling system with
activated-carbon/water. They concluded that the prototype system with a 2
m2 solar collector was capable to making 60 kg of hot-water at 90 ◦C and
producing 10 kg ice per day. Henning and Glaser conceived a pilot adsorption
cooling system, in which the solar heat produced by vacuum tube collectors
with a surface area of 170 m2 was utilized to power the system using silica
gel/water. The reported COP varied between 0.2 and 0.3.
Luo et al. used a solar adsorption cooling system for low temperature grain
storage with silica gel/water. They reported a COP value ranging from 0.096 to
0.13. Sumathy et al. provided literature reviews of the solar adsorption cooling
technologies using various adsorption pairs and their performances.
Adsorbents and working pairs
In an adsorption refrigeration technique, the working pair plays
a vital role for optimal performance of the system. The best
performance is achieved if the adsorbent demonstrates the following
characteristics:
a. A large adsorption ability.
b. The ability to change capacity with the variation of temperature.
c. A flatter isotherm.
d. Excellent compatibility with the refrigerant.
Examples of Working Pairs:-
(i) silica gel/water,
(ii) activated-carbon/methanol,
(iii) activated-carbon/ammonia,
(iv) zeolite/water,
(v) activated carbon granular and fiber adsorbent,
Categorization of Working Pairs
air velocity,
air temperature and humidity ratio,
surface temperature and
surface characteristics.
Methods of defrosting
According to the influence parameters on frost formation, researchers have
put forward various anti-frosting techniques, including air dehumidification
by solid/liquid desiccant, external electric/magnetic field, ultrasonic
vibration, surface treatment, etc.
In particular, with the development of various new materials in recent
years, the study of surface treatment on restraining frost formation has
become a hot topic focused on by researchers worldwide.
1. Dehumidification of heat exchanger inlet air by solid/
liquid desiccant
Humidity ratio of local air is one of the most important parameters affecting frost
formation, and frost mass increases greatly with the increase in humidity ratio.
Experimental study showed that the frost mass of a fin-tube heat exchanger
increased from 170 g to 270 g when the humidity ratio of the inlet air increased
from 60% to 80%.
Solid desiccant significantly reduced the frost growth rate of evaporator but only
for a limited time, if desiccant regeneration system is not used.
Adachi et al. observed the frosting process on the surface of an aluminum plate (20 mm ×
92.6 mm) vibrating by ultrasonic with frequency of 37 kHz in environment with 2 °C and RH
= 100%.
The experimental result showed that the ultrasonic vibration with amplitude of 3.1 µm
decreased the frost accumulation by 60%.
• Ultrasonic vibration shows good anti-frosting
performance on single flat plates.
Liu et al. developed a new kind of hydrophilic paint and tested its anti-frosting
performance. By coating the hydrophilic paint on a cold copper surface, the frost
formation was delayed at least 15 min and the frost thickness was reduced by more than
40% with that on the uncoated copper surface.
In summary, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces all exhibit anti-frosting capacity
compared with bare surface, but there are yet some disadvantages during the
frosting/defrosting process.
There is considerable water retention on the hydrophilic surface after frost melting due to
the strong surface wettability and adhesive force. It will take considerable time and
energy to evaporate the retained water.
If the retained water is not evaporated completely, it will freeze into ice layer in the next
frost period.
Therefore, the frost melting water retention has an adverse influence on both frosting and
defrosting. For hydrophobic and general superhydrophobic surfaces with microstructures,
the hydrophobicity will be changed by water vapor at the early stage of frosting process.
Since some condensation nucleus form and grow in the gaps of microstructures,
the final condensate droplet will wet the micro-structured surface, which produces a
wetting Wenzel state.
He et al. found that the contact angle of a superhydrophobic surface changed from
153.5° to 72° because of the condensate wetting.
The method to deal with this problem is to make the final droplet spontaneously transform
from Wenzel state into Cassie state, as shown in Fig.
Conclusion
When the surface temperature is below both the dew point of air and
freezing point of water, frost formation will happen on the fin-tube
evaporator surface in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Frost layer heavily impacts on the operating efficiency of equipments, and leads to
considerable energy consumption for defrosting. To ensure the efficient operation of the
equipments and reduce the energy consumption caused by frosting, it is significant to
develop effective anti-frosting technology.
References – Solar Refrigeration
[1] Refrigeration and Air Condition – CP Arora
[2] Review of solar thermal air conditioning technologies A Al-Alili, Y Hwang, R
Radermacher International journal of refrigeration 39, 4-22
[3] A review of solar thermal refrigeration and cooling methods KR Ullah, R
Saidur, HW Ping, RK Akikur, NH Shuvo Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 24, 499-513
[4] Review of solar refrigeration and cooling systems I. Sarbu, C. Sebarchievici
Energy and Buildings 67(12):297-308
[5] Vapor compression refrigeration cycle for electronics cooling–Part I:
Dynamic modeling and experimental validationJ Catano, T Zhang, JT Wen, MK
Jensen, Y Peles International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 66, 911-921
[6] Solar powered combined ejector-vapour compression cycle for air
conditioning and refrigeration DW Sun Energy Conversion and Management
38 (5), 479-491
References – Method of Defrosting
[1] Research of anti-frosting technology in refrigeration and air conditioning
fields: A review - Feng Wanga, Caihua Liangb, Xiaosong Zhang
[2] Review of defrosting methods - Mohammed Amer, Chi-Chuan Wang
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