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OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.
1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.
STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that object. The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
OBSERVER
SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
x y
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections.
Triangle Section Plane
Section Plane Ellipse
Through Generators
Through Apex
Ellipse Trapezium
ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.
EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.
D
D
H= Height D= base diameter
All sides
equal in length
FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
= R 3600
L
A A B C D
E E A
d” c”
X1 e” b”
X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points.
b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv,
Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 450 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in
sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y1 A
SECTIONAL S.V
o’ B
DEVELOPMENT C
X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape – Development as per previous problem!
o’ DEVELOPMENT
A
B
HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE C
D
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
g O E
g1
h f f1 h1 F
a e e1 a1 o1 G
O
H
b d d1 b1
c A
c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
Note the steps to locate Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv: 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s rect.face with axis
Those are transferred to // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
1st TV, then to 1st Fv and 300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ Then on 2nd Fv. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.
3
SECTIONAL F.V.
4
Use similar steps for sec.views & true shape.
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
2 5 From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line.
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
1 6 it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
X Y
8 7
f
f1
e a1 e1
a
A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
Through mid-point of axis.
b d b1 d1
C D E F A B C
Y1
DEVELOPMENT
Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is
3 shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined to Hp, passing through
2 mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and
4 development of remaining part of the solid.
Y1 ( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
5
1 O’ Note:
6 A Fv & TV 8f two solids
sandwiched
7 B Section lines style in both:
Development of
4’ half cone & half pyramid:
3’
X1 5’ C
2’ 6’ F.V. 4 2
3
1 D
1’ 7’
X Y
d’e’ c’f’ g’b’ a’ O
f
E
g 7
6
e 5
SECTIONAL 7 4 5 6
4
TOP VIEW. a
F
1 3
d 2 b G
c
A