Raja Al Fath Widya Iswara, Gatot Suharto, Sigid Kirana

LB, Intarniati NR, Elisa Rompas, Stephanie RA

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

Semarang-Central Java
Indonesia
 Forensic identification is identifying
individual based on the characteristics or
attributes that distinguish it from other
individuals.

One of the methods is using anthropometry

identification. This method is done by
measuring the body parts.
 While the bodies are no longer intact
(mutilated), the approximate length of the
body may be calculated by measuring a
specific part of the body to estimate stature
and determining the sex.
 Any Studies Before ??

To determine the stature and sex while the bodies

Mahesh Kumar & Patnaik Gopichand
are mutilated, the experts have formulated the
(2013) andfor
formula Gretel
statureGonzales
and sex by et al (2015)
measuring the
showed that lengththe anthropometric
of the facial bones and of
skull.
cephalofacial bones
CAN BE USED in estimating a person's
Some formulas are formulated based on the
height. (caucasoid) then to
measurement of Europeans
apply it on Indonesian (Mongoloid), it should
consider for some correction factor.
 What is correlations between cephalofacial
anthropometry with sex and stature ?
 To determine whether there are correlations
between cephalofacial anthropometry with
sex and stature
 An observational analytic study with cross
sectional design
 Population : Medical students who follow
the clinical clerkship period of January-June
2016 in Kariadi Hospital Semarang Central
Java, Indonesia
 Sample : 200 males, 200 females
 Inclusion criteria
◦ Age 21-26 years old
◦ Mongoloid Race
◦ Not including the exclude criteria
Exclusion Criteria :
• Had a history of head or facial bone fracture
• Had a history of congenital defect of bone
especially head and facial bone
• Had a disease that correlate with head
• Had a history of vertebrae, hips, lower
extremity fractures
• Had a defect on standing properly
• Refuse to cooperate in this study
 Dependent Variable
◦ Sex
◦ Stature
 Independent Variable
◦ Cephalofacial anthropometry
 Head length
 Head breadth
 Horizontal circumference of head
 Bigonial diameters
 Facial length
 Data analysis
◦ SPSS 20
 Head length:– It measures straight distance between glabella
& opisthocranion
 Head breadth:- It is the maximum biparietal diameter & the
distance between the most lateral points on the parietal
bones
 Horizontal circumference of head:- It is the maximum
circumference of the head measured from just above the
glabella area to the area near the top of the occipital bone
(opisthocranion)
 Bigonial diameter:- It is the maximum breadth of the lower
jaw between two gonion points on the angles of mandible
 Facial length:- It is straight distance from the nasal root
(nasion) to the lowest point on the lower border of
the mandible in the mid sagittal plane (gnathion)
 Stature:– It is the vertical distance between highest point on
the head (vertex) and the floor
 Sex Mean SEM SD Min Max
Head Length Male 20.644 0.262 3.707 14.30 30.00
Female 21.095 0.202 2.861 16.00 29.50
Head Breadth Male 13.953 0.079 1.126 11.20 16.50
Female 13.579 0.061 0.872 12.00 15.60
Head Male 57.127 0.161 2.283 52.00 61.00
Circumference Female 55.742 0.087 1.240 52.00 57.00
Bigonial Male 12.622 0.046 0.654 11.00 14.00
Diameter Female 11.342 0.052 0.744 10.00 13.00
Facial Length Male 12.742 0.045 0.649 11.50 14.00
Female 12.037 0.054 0.773 10.50 13.50
Stature Male 171.1 0.347 4.908 162.00 181.00
Female 160.7 0.334 4.736 152.50 172.00
 Spearman Correlation p value
Head Length 0.116 0,020
Head Breadth 0.199 0,000
Head Circumference 0.377 0,000
Bigonial Diameter 0.693 0,000
Facial Length 0.426 0,000

p<0.05 is significant correlation

 Male Female

Pearson p value Pearson p value

Correlation Correlation
Head Length 0.748 0,000 0.706 0,000
Head Breadth 0.541 0,000 0.546 0,000
Head
0.749 0.722
Circumference 0,000 0,000
Bigonial 0,000 0,000
0.710 0.746
Diameter
Facial Length 0.767 0,000 0.825 0,000

p<0.05 is significant correlation

 Male Female
Head Length 150.703 + 0.990 (HL) 136.121 + 1.169 (HL)
+ 1.310 + 1.773
Head Breadth 138.276 + 2.356 (HB) 120.507 + 2.966 (HB)
+ 3.645 + 4.40
Head Circumference 79.194 + 1.610 (HC) 7.084 + 2.757 (HC)
+ 5.790 + 10.464
Bigonial Diameter 103.912 + 5.327 (BD) 106.817 + 4.758 (BD)
+ 4.748 + 3.416
Facial Length 97.268 + 5.798 (FL) 99.942 + 5.055 (FL)
+ 4.394 + 2.967
 Sex HL HB HC BD FL

Jadav & Male +0.53 - - - -

Shah Female - - - - -
Patil & Male 0.40 - - 0.925 -
Mody Female - - - - -
Ryan & Male 0.40-0.54 - - - -
Bidmos Female 0.45-0.54 - - - -
Kalia et al Male 0.13 - 0.14 - -
Female 0.00 - 0.00 - -
Krishan & Male 0.732 0.625 0.773 0.345 0.449
Kumar Female - - - - -
Krishan Male 0.775 0.682 0.781 0.455 0.462
Female - - - - -
Haypperun Male 0.715 0.312 - - -
a Female 0.470 0.454 - - -
Mahes Male 0.174 0.321* 0.122 0.177 0.164
Kumar & P Female 0.190 0.008* 0.181 0.150 0.119
Gopichan
Present Male 0.748 0.541 0.749 0.710 0.767
Study Female 0.706 0.546 0.722 0.746 0.825
*insignificant correlation
•Accelerated growth of puberty in males that is
two years ahead from women

•Gene expression

•Hormone

•Muscle Function

•Environment
 There are significant correlations between all
cephalofacial measurements and sex
 There are significant correlations between all
cephalofacial measurements and stature in
both sexes