BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 28
Nervous Systems

Modules 28.14 – 28.20

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

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THE HUMAN BRAIN
28.14 The vertebrate brain develops from three
anterior bulges of the neural tube
• The vertebrate brain evolved by the
enlargement and subdivision of three anterior
bulges of the neural tube
– Forebrain
– Midbrain
– Hindbrain
• Cerebrum size and complexity in birds and
mammals correlates with sophisticated
behavior
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 Embryonic Brain Structures
Brain Regions Present in Adult

Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres; includes

cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia)
Forebrain
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus,
posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

Midbrain Midbrain (part of brainstem)

Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum

Hindbrain
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)

Diencephalon
Cerebral
hemisphere Midbrain
Midbrain
Pons
Hindbrain
Cerebellum

Medulla
oblongata

Spinal cord
Forebrain

Embryo one month old Fetus three months old Figure 28.14

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28.15 The structure of a living supercomputer:
The human brain

Table 28.15

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 Cerebrum

Forebrain Thalamus
Cerebral
Hypothalamus cortex

Pituitary gland

Midbrain

Pons

Hindbrain Medulla Spinal cord

oblongata

Cerebellum

Figure 28.15A

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 • Most of the cerebrum’s integrative power
resides in the cerebral cortex of the two cerebral
hemispheres
Left cerebral Right cerebral
hemisphere hemisphere

Corpus Basal
callosum ganglia Figure 28.15B

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28.16 The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of
specialized, interactive regions

• The motor cortex sends commands to skeletal

muscles
• The somatosensory cortex receives information
about pain, pressure, and temperature
• Several regions receive and process sensory
information (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

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 • The association areas are the sites of higher
mental activities (thinking)
– Frontal association area (judgment, planning)
– Auditory association area
– Somatosensory association area (reading,
speech)
– Visual association area

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 FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE

Somatosensory
association
Speech area
Frontal
association
area
Taste Reading

Speech

Hearing

Smell Visual
Auditory association
association area
area
Vision

TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE

Figure 28.16

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 • In lateralization, areas in the two hemispheres
become specialized for different functions
– “Right-brained” vs. “left-brained”

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28.17 Connection: Injuries and brain operations
have provided insight into brain function
• Much knowledge about
the brain has come from
individuals whose
brains were altered
through injury, illness,
or surgery
– The rod that pierced
Phineas Gage’s skull
left his intellect intact
but altered his
personality and
behavior Figure 28.17A

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 • A radical surgery called
hemispherectomy
removes almost half of
the brain

– It demonstrates the
brain’s remarkable
plasticity

Figure 28.17B

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28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and
arousal

• Sleep and arousal

are controlled by
– the hypothalamus
– the medulla
oblongata
– the pons Eye
Input from
ears

Motor
– neurons of Reticular formation output to
spinal cord

reticular Input from touch,

formation pain, and temperature
receptors Figure 28.18A

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 • An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures
brain waves during sleep and arousal
• Two types of deep sleep alternate
– Slow-wave (delta waves) and REM sleep

Awake but quiet (alpha waves)

Awake during intense mental activity (beta waves)

Delta waves REM sleep Delta waves

Asleep Figure 28.18B, C

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28.19 The limbic system is involved in emotions,
memory, and learning

• The limbic system is a functional group of

integrating centers in the cerebral cortex,
thalamus, and hypothalamus
• It is involved in emotions, memory (short-term
and long-term), and learning
– The amygdala is central to the formation of
emotional memories
– The hippocampus is involved in the formation of
memories and their recall
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 Thalamus CEREBRUM

Hypothalamus

Prefrontal
cortex

Smell

Olfactory
bulb
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Figure 28.19

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28.20 The cellular changes underlying memory and
learning probably occur at synapses

• Memory and learning involve structural and

chemical changes at synapses
– Long-term depression (LTD)
– Long-term potentiation (LTP)

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 1 Repeated Sending
action neuron
Sending potentials
neuron

Synaptic
cleft
2
2

4
Ca2+
Cascade of
3 Ca2+ chemical changes 3

Receiving neuron LTP

Figure 28.20

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