So far Discussed?

• Q1. What are the various causes of distress in Concrete?

• Q2. What are the symptoms of damaged structure?
• Q3.Define Durable Concrete?
• Q4. Discuss the various causes of deterioration of concrete structures mentioning their effects and symptoms?
• Q5. What is the role of cover concrete in RC structures?
• Q6.Define durability and name two tests to assess durability?
• Q7.What is the strength of concrete discuss its influencing factors?
• Q8.Discuss the ingredients to be used in concrete to improve the durability?
• Q9. How materials, water-cement ratio, placement of steel, form work, curing, vibration and compaction influence the quality
control of the structure?
• Q10. Define “3D”?
• Q11. How do you ensure the quality on the day of concreting? Explain in Detail?
• Q12. As per IS:456 explain the sampling procedure for testing of concrete?
• Q13. Explain the behavior of concrete subjected to high temperature?
• Q14. Explain the causes of deterioration in structures?
• Q15.
 CONTENT
1. Agencies Causing Material Deterioration

 Shrinkage
 Settlement
 Weathering
 Chemical Attack
 Creep
 Fire
 Honey combing

2. Durability of Materials

3. Safety Evaluation of Existing structures

Agencies Causing Material Deterioration
• Durability and performance of Building materials and components are
adversely effected by the weather.
• The agencies of the weather which effect the durability of the
materials are:
1. Radiation from the sun
2. Rain
3.Snow
4. Air and its gaseous constituents (carbon dioxide and sulphur
gases)
5. Solid and liquid contaminants of air (salt spray near the sea
coast)
6. Biological (fungal growth)
Agencies>>>
• Agency may reinforce or oppose one another in different materials.
• For example: Sunlight following dew deposited on metal will assist
evaporation and so reduce the likelihood of corrosion. But the
same thing with respect to the paint film material will have
damaging effect.
• Agency will have different effect depending on its form or intensity.
• For example: Rain water washing over a surface can retard fungal
growth, whereas moisture in the form of repeated condensation
will favor the same.
• Hence it is necessary to assess durability of the material by
considering the combined effects of the various agencies
Solar Radiation
 Solar Radiation
• Solar Radiation on the
earth surface is in the
form of direct and diffuse
type of radiation.
• This radiation will be
absorbed by the Opaque
materials.
• For example black and
non-metallic surface
absorbs more radiation
Distribution of Solar Radiation
• Solar radiation of
shorter wave length
degrades organic
materials namely
plastics, paints and
bituminous based
materials
Solar Radiation Absorption of construction
materials
Solar Radiation Absorption
• Absorption of solar radiation by the building materials rise the
temperatures leads to increase in the rate of reactions, i.e. evaporation,
volatilization causes degradation.
• For every 10°C increase in temperature of the materials doubles the rate of
chemical reactions.
• For example: Evaporation of water from cement mixes can leads cracking.
Loss of volatiles from the bituminous mixes, plastic, and sealing
compounds can cause shrinkage and brittleness.
• Temperature changes causes dimensional changes in the materials and it is
directly proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the
material. These changes may cause extra stresses in the materials leads to
distortion and rupture.
Bridge at Highest Elevation at Kashmir-
Chenab Bridge
• Bridge
temperature -20°C
• Designed for the
life span of 120
years.
• Coated with Anti
corrosive painting
which last for 15
years
Moisture
• Moisture is available in building materials and its components
in the form of solid, liquid or vapour form can cause
deterioration.
• Moisture exist in the building during construction for mixing
of mortar, concrete, wetting of bricks etc., after the
construction through ground water enters into the pores by
capillary action, rain and snow, and human activity such as
washing and drying clothes.
• This moisture is available in the indoor atmosphere and when
surface temperatures of materials fall sufficiently Water gets into
condensation can occur, which may be heavy and prolonged buildings through (1) bulk
wetting of materials. pathways, (2) capillarity, (3)
• When water freezes in the pores of materials such as brick, being carried as vapor through
stone and concrete produce stresses, which may cause air, and (4) vapor diffusion.
spalling of the surface, general cracking or disintegration. Bulk water has by far more
volume than the other three,
and capillarity is second — and
so on down the line.
Biological Agencies
• Any organic matter can be affected by fungi and
insects due to damp conditions.
• The fungi which involved to decay the timber is
wet rot. This wet rot will not exist if the moisture
content in the timber does not exceed 20%.
• In the case of inorganic surfaces i.e. cracks in
materials such as plaster, brick and block the
fungus hyphae will exist.
• Dark, damp and stagnant conditions are favoured
by these moulds.
Gaseous Constituents and Pollutants of Air

Sulphur dioxide is generated by the burning of fuel

and concentrations in the atmosphere are greatest in
large industrial areas.
Sulphur gases dissolved in rainwater and most
aggressive gaseous pollutant and can assist the
corrosion of some metals and cause some stone to
blister and to spall.
Carbon dioxide is a normal atmospheric gas dissolves
in rainwater carbonate lime formed during the
hydration of cement.
Carbonation in concrete also has marked influence on
the corrosion of reinforcement.
Nitrogen and the inert gases in the air do not affect
building materials.
 Solid Contaminants
Dust particles together with unburnt particles of
fuel, bound together by a form of oil or other
organic matter derived from fuel, from road
vehicles.
Near the coast, the concentration of salt derived
from sea-spray is high and the corrosive effects on
metals can be severe.
 Ground Salts and Waters
• Salts present in the ground water can rise up by
capillarity into porous materials with which they
are in contact. Upon subsequent evaporation of
the solvent (water) salts may be deposited within
the pores or upon the surface of the material.
Manufactured Products
• Manufactured materials may be used as additions to
building materials or as treatments for them and may
have adverse effect on durability and performance, if not
used with care and understanding.
• For example calcium chloride is such a material used as
an accelerator of the hydration and development of the
early strength of cement-based products. Its use has
commercial advantage for the early demoulding of
precast elements and also the early striking of formwork
from in situ concrete.
• However it has corrosive effect on metals and severe
damage has been caused to reinforced concrete and to
prestressed concrete.
Safety Evaluation of Structures
• Safety evaluation of structures is growing concern for the
Civil Engineering Community.
• Structures are collapsing even before handed over to the
customer i.e. during the construction period.
• Structures are also collapsing after its construction i.e.
during the useful life period, due to the excessive loading or
severe environment. For Example continuous rain in a region
may cause settlement of building structures.
• Hence the safety evaluation of the structures involves one or
more of the following actions.

Modification of the existing facility by adding new load-

bearing members to the existing supporting system.
Adequacy of the existing structure to resist the loads
associated with the anticipated changes in operation or
service life extension.
Repair of the existing structure, which has deteriorated due to
environmental effects or damage from accidental actions.
 Checking if there are doubts about reliability or structural
integrity of the structure.
Safety Evaluation of Structures
• Semi-Probabilistic partial safety factor method and reliability based
method are used to define the structural safety.
• If ‘S’ is the stress applied and ‘R’ is the resistance of the structure,
then the structure is safe when ‘S≤R’
• The difference of R-S is called safety margin ‘M’ of the structure.
• The structure is safe if the safety margin ‘M’ is positive.
• The structure is said to be failed when the safety margin ‘M’ is
negative.
• The probability of failure pf of a structure which characterizes the
reliability level of a structure with regard to the limit state considered
is,
• The probability failure can be calculated with two methods namely
Reliability index method and Simulation method.
 Reliability index method
• Reliability is the ability of the structure to meet the construction
requirements set out under specific conditions during the service life,
according which it is designed to….
• Reliability refers to the carrying capacity, serviceability and durability of
construction, which refers to the different degree of reliability.
• Reliability measures the size of uncertainty in terms of reliability index (β)
• Before knowing reliability index (β), we should know what is limit state?
• Limit State is the state of the structure at which the object performance
transforms from acceptable to unacceptable.
• Limit states are: Design Limit state, Serviceability Limit states, serviceability
limit state of fatigue………
Limit State
• Hence there is limit state function: i.e. M=R-S
• Where ‘R’ is the resistance, i.e. the capacity of the structure and ‘S’ is
the load on the Structure.
• If M<0, it leads to failure of the structure or effects the performance
of the structure.
• If M>=0, performance of the structure is satisfied
• For example in the Limit state strength of RCC beam by Limit state
method, ‘R’ represents the design capacity of the beam, ‘S’
represents the external bending moment due to loads on the beam.
• In the case of limit state of serviceability ‘R’ represents maximum
allowable deflection as per IS:456-2000 and ‘S’ represents the
theoretical deflection due to the load on the beam.
 Probability of Failure and Safety

• Probability of achieving the limit state or the Probability of failure is

given by

• Where φ and φ-1 are the functions of the standard normal cumulative
distribution.
• Where β is a measure of safety of an element of the structure or the
entire system.
 Calculation of β value
• If ‘R’ (for example: Resistance) and ‘S’(for example: Load) are normally
distributed variables and they are statically independent.
• μR , and μS are means and σR and σS are standard deviations of the variables
‘R’ and ‘S’ respectively.
• If M=R-S (safety margin) then the mean of ‘M’ is μM= μR-μS and its
standard deviation is

• Failure Probability &

• Reliability index

• Hence the probability of failure depends on the ratio of the mean value of
‘M’ to its standard deviation, which is called the reliability index ‘β’.
 Probability of Failure if There are more
random variables
• Consider a limit state function with more number of random variables
of

• The variance of the limit state function

• The probability of failure &

• Reliability index
Example

• Consider a solid bar as shown in

figure with a load-carrying capacity ‘R’
and a load ‘S’ acting on it. Here both
‘S’ and ‘R’ are independent random
variables with probability density
functions f(R) and f(S) and cumulative
distributions F(R) and F(S)
respectively. The bar fails if the load
exceeds the resistance.
Problem
• A circular bar of 25mm diameter is made of carbon steel and is
subjected to axial force ‘F’. The mean yield strength of the material is
250MPa and the mean value of force ‘F’ is 70kN. Both yield strength
and force are random variables and follow a normal distribution. The
coefficient of variation of both variables is 10%. Calculate the
reliability index.
Solution
To find the Reliability Index and Probability of Failure
• A reinforced concrete beam of an effective span 8m is subjected to live
load. The cross section has been designed with M25 concrete and steel
grade Fe250. The area of steel (Ast) is 1400mm2 and the self weight of the
beam 3kN/m. It is given that the random variables, the cube strength of
concrete (fck) and the yield strength of steel (fy) are normally distributed.
• Breadth of the beam (b) = 240mm
• Effective depth of the beam (d)= 480mm
• Mean value of (fck)=30.28N/mm2
• Mean value of (fy)=320N/mm2
• Standard Deviation (SD) of (fck)=σck=4.54N/mm2
• Standard Deviation (SD) of (fy)=σY=32N/mm2
• Calculate the probability of failure of the beam if the live load (L) is
normally distributed with mean 6kN/m and standard deviation 3kN/m
Variables
• Here the action or load component ‘S’ is bending moment at mid-
span due to dead load and live load on the beam
• Moment of Resistance of
the beam as per IS:456:2000 ‘R’ =
Here fck and fy are random variables
of the resistance equation
Mean and Standard Deviation Due to Load
Component
The mean value of ‘S’ is μs = [(3 x 82 )/8] +[(6x82 )/8] = 72kN-m
The Standard deviation of ‘S’ is σs= σL(82 )/8=3x8=24kN-m
Mean and Standard Deviation Due to
Resistance Component
• The mean of the resistance ‘R’ of the beam

μR=
μR=
• The standard deviation of ‘R’ of the beam

=0.434 x 106

=0.793 x 106
=14.33kN-m
Reliability Index (β)
• Reliability Index (β)= (μS-μR)/(σS2+ σR2)½=3.25
Probability of Failure (pf)
• pf= φ (-β)=0.577 x 10-3 [ from the table of Cumulative probability of
standard normal variant ]
 Importance of Reliability Index (β)
Safety State 5 4 3 2 1

Safety Index β>9.0 9.0>β>8.0 8.0>β>6.0 6.0>β>4.6 4.6>β

Attribute for Excellent Very Good good fair unacceptable

Safety

Maintenance No action Preventive Detailed Possible Rehabilitation

Action Inspection Inspection Strengthening