Write in a piece of paper


 Your expectation(s) toward the class
 Your expectation(s) toward the teacher
 Your goal(s) for the class
 How can I improve myself?
 

What IS
Statistics?
 The science (and art) of
making sense out of data
-Parks, et all., 2007, p.477-

The studyIS
What of the collection,

Statistics?
analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and
organization of data

a collection of facts, such as

numbers, words,
measurements, observations
or even just descriptions of
things
Types of Data

 Example
you get
What information can
from the picture?
Information about the dog
 information?
Which are the qualitative

Which are the quantitative information?

What are the discrete
information?
What are the continuous
information?
 
Let’s watch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXaJ7sa7q-8
 Discrete Continuous
Can only take on
certain values, This Continuous Data
Contains a represents
type of data can’t be
descriptive
information (it measured but it can
be counted
measurements and
therefore their values
describes can’t be counted but
Example: they can be measured
something)
• Number of ; only describe them
Example: students in the by using intervals on
• Your friends’ favorite classroom the real number line
colors • Number of Example:
• The most common costumers in the
given names in your
shop • Heights
town
• Favorite food • number of heads • Weights
in 100 coin flips

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE DATA

DATA (numerical data)
 Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Example:
The grade point averages of five students are listed in the table. Which data are
qualitative data and which are quantitative data?

Student GPA
Sally 3.22
Bob 3.98
Cindy 2.75
Mark 2.24
Kathy 3.84
Qualitative data Quantitative data
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 13
 

How to Obtain All the Data?

Look again to the puppy picture!


OBSERVING
 OBTAINING DATA


OBSERVATION SURVEY
 CENSUS OR SAMPLE
CENSUS  SAMPLE

When we collect data When we collect data

from the whole member just from the
of the group (data SELECTED members
gathered from the of the group
‘population’)
 The difference between census
and sampling

Dimension Census Sampling
Data accuracy More accurate Less accurate than census
Human needs More people Less people
Budget needs More budget Less budget
Time needs More time Less time
Data collection method No need method Use sampling technique
Practitioner government Academy for research
REPRESENTING THE
DATA

After understanding
Organizing the how
Data
to obtain the data, then
(Single
what’s Data)
next? 
Purpose? Finding the
maximum and
minimum values

Finding the measures

of dispersion
 ORGANIZING & PICTURING
INFORMATION

Question:
Suppose that 30 fourth graders took a science test and made the following
scores: 22, 23, 14, 45, 39, 11, 9, 46, 22, 25, 6, 28, 33, 36, 16, 39, 49, 17, 22, 32,
34, 22, 18, 21, 27, 34, 26, 41, 28, 25.

So, what can we conclude about the students’ performances?

At the outset, we can say very little, since the data are so disorganized!
So, what could we do about it?
 ORGANIZING & PICTURING
INFORMATION

How to organize?
First, ordering the data in increasing order
Secondly, visualizing the data in an interesting display accordingly

Here are some visual that can be used:

 Line Plots/Dot Plots
 Stem and Leaf Plots
 Histograms
 Bar Graphs
 Line Graphs
 Circle Graphs/Pie Chart
 Etc.
 ORGANIZING & PICTURING
INFORMATION

Line Plots/Dot Plots
 ORGANIZING &
PICTURING
INFORMATION 
Line Plots/Dot Plots
Suppose that 30 fourth
graders took a science test
and made the following
scores: 22, 23, 14, 45, 39, 11,
9, 46, 22, 25, 6, 28, 33, 36, 16,
39, 49, 17, 22, 32, 34, 22, 18,
21, 27, 34, 26, 41, 28, 25.
 ORGANIZING &
PICTURING
INFORMATION 
Stem and Leaf Plots
Suppose that 30 fourth
graders took a science test
and made the following
scores: 22, 23, 14, 45, 39, 11,
9, 46, 22, 25, 6, 28, 33, 36, 16,
39, 49, 17, 22, 32, 34, 22, 18,
21, 27, 34, 26, 41, 28, 25.
Key: 1 | 6 means 16

IMPORTANT!
 Stem and Leaf Plot is used only to
represent two given data!

Back to Back  Example:

Class 1: 22, 23, 14, 45, 39, 11, 9, 46,
Stem and Leaf 22, 25, 6, 28, 33, 36, 16, 39, 49, 17, 22,
32, 34, 22, 18, 21, 27, 34, 26, 41, 28,
Plot 25.

Class 2: 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 22, 25, 26,

27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 49
 Class 1: 22, 23, 14, 45, 39, 11, 9, 46, 22, 25, 6, 28, 33, 36,
16, 39, 49, 17, 22, 32, 34, 22, 18, 21, 27, 34, 26, 41, 28, 25.
Class 2: 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 31,

Back to 49

32, 33, 34, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,

Back Stem
and Leaf
Plot

Key:
Class 1: 7 | 1 means
17
IMPORTANT!
Class 2: 1 | 2 means
12
STEM and LEAF PLOT

71 69 75 72 67 55 60 66 66 72
80 50 67 63 71 68 67 78 76 64
62 73 74 79 61 73 55 67 62 53
65 59 57 66 77 62 63 71 58 68
76 66 68 58 68 82 72 56 84 73
 STEM and LEAF PLOT

The Mathematics Quiz Score on
Class 7A:
57, 62, 76, 80, 93, 87, 76, 86, 75, 60, 59, 86, 72, 80, 93, 79,
58, 86, 93, 81
Class 7B:
68, 79, 75, 87, 92, 90, 83, 77, 95, 67, 84, 92, 85, 77, 66, 87,
92, 82, 90, 85
TALLY CHART

 FEQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Step 1
Ordering the data!
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5

Step 2
How many times score 1 occurs?
2 times
Score 2 occurs?
5 times
Score 3 occurs?
4 times
Score 4 occurs?
2 times
Score 5 occurs?
once
PRESENT THE FOLLOWING
INTO TABLE FREQ

5 6 7 5 3 5 6 7 5 4 7
6 6 3 8 6 7 5 4 6 5 6
7 5 8 9 4 6 9 6 6 7 6
8 4 5 4 6 8 3 5 8 6 3
Line Graphs

PIE CHART

 PIE CHART US
In the 2000 Summer Olympics in 
Sydney, Australia, the highest
medal count was held by the
United States, as shown in the Bronze
Gold
table below. Construct a circle 34%
40%
graph (pie chart) to illustrate the
different distribution of medals!
Gold Silver Bronze Total
US 39 25 33 97 Silver
26%
 PIE CHART
Favorite Type of Movie

A group of 20 students were 

asked about their favorite type of
movie which is presented in the Comedy
20%
SciFi
20%
shown chart. Find the exact
number of students who like Drama
5%
each type of movie!
Action
25%
Romance
30%
BAR GRAPHS

BAR GRAPHS

 Example
The Table shows the population of
all provinces in Java on 2002. Area Number of
Represent the data into the line Population
graph, pie chart, and bar graph! DKI Jakarta 2.000.000
Jawa Barat 10.000.000
Jawa Tengah 8.000.000
DI Yogyakarta 1.000.000
Jawa Timur 10.000.000
 HISTOGRAM


BAR GRAPH HISTOGRAM

 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN HISTOGRAM & BAR
GRAPH?

Histogram is only used for a continuous
data set. THERE
Example: IS GAP
 Weight
 Height
 Hours/time
 Temperature
NO
 Etc. GAP!

Bar graph is used for the categorical

data/discreet data
 HOW TO MAKE A HISTOGRAM?
71 69 75 72 67 53 60

66 66 72
80 51 67 63 68 67 78 76 64 81
62 73 74 79 61 73 82 67 62 53

Make the histogram with the

interval of 5!
 HOW TO MAKE A HISTOGRAM?
71 69 75 72 67 53 60 66 
66 72 Step 1
Ordering the data (Optional) then or just
80 51 67 63 68 67 78 76 64 81 directly put it in the table frequency
(THIS IS A MUST!)
62 73 74 79 61 73 82 67 62 53
Interval Data Frequency
0 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 50 Nothing 0
50 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 55 51, 53, 53 3
55 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 60 Nothing 0
60 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 65 60, 63, 64, 62, 61, 62 6
65 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 70 69, 67, 66, 66, 67, 68, 67, 67 8
70 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 75 71, 72, 72, 73, 74, 73 6
75 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 80 75, 78, 76, 79 4
80 ≤ 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 < 85 80, 81, 82 3
TOTAL 30
 HOW TO MAKE A HISTOGRAM?

Step 2
Present the data into Histogram!
PICTOGRAMS

 

MEASURING THE
CENTRAL DATA
 MEAN

The statistical name for arithmetic
average and can be found by
dividing the sum of the data by the
number of the data

That’s why usually we call it as

AVERAGE
 MEAN

How to find the mean of a data set?

𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬

Or

σ𝒙
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑵
 EXAMPLE
1
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
13-day period is:
4632783557664
For this data set, find the mean!

4+6+3+2+7+8+3+5+5+7+6+6+4
ഥ=
𝒙
𝟏𝟑
= 𝟓. 𝟎𝟖
So the mean of the truck using a road over
a 13-day period is 𝟓. 𝟎𝟖
 EXAMPLE
2
of 30 students in Math class
The grades
(score 62 = 100) is as followed:
55 50 50 40 48 48 62 55 50 55 48 40 48 50 50
45 48 60 62 60 48 48 50 42 40 42 44 38 38 38

Make the frequency table and find the

mean!
 EXAMPLE
3
 grade of 40 students in a
The average
Math Class is 5.2. After a student does his
supplementary exam, the average
becomes 5.25. What is the grade of
supplemented student?
 MEAN

The example above applied only in
UNGROUPED DATA

For the GROUPED DATA, we have:

σ𝒌𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 . 𝒇𝒊
ഥ=
𝒙
σ𝒌𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊

Where, 𝒙𝒊 = midpoint and 𝒇𝒊 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪

 EXAMPLE
Find the 
4
average of the following data set!

Grades Frequency
1-50 4
51-100 7
101-150 10
151-200 16
201-250 30
251-300 13
 EXAMPLE
 4
Grades Frequency (f) Midpoint (x) x.f
1-50 4 25.5 102
51-100 7 75.5 528.5
101-150 10 125.5 1225
151-200 16 175.5 2808
201-250 30 225.5 6765
251-300 13 275.5 3581.5
σ 𝑥𝑖 . 𝑓𝑖 =
TOTAL ෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 80 15040
 EXAMPLE

Grades
4 Frequency Midpoint 𝑥𝒊 . 𝑓
(𝑓𝒊 ) (𝑥𝒊 )
1-50 4 25.5 102
51-100 7 75.5 528.5
101-150 10 125.5 1225
151-200 16 175.5 2808
201-250 30 225.5 6765
251-300 13 275.5 3581.5
σ 𝑥𝑖 . 𝑓𝑖 =
TOTAL ෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 80 15040
 EXAMPLE
 4

So, the mean is ?

 MEDIAN
The middle value of an ordered
data set.
Suppose 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 is a collection
of numbers in increasing order.
• If 𝒏 is odd, the median is the
𝒏+𝟏
number with the subscript
𝟐
• If 𝒏 is even, the median is one-
half of the sum of the two
𝒏
numbers with subscripts and
𝟐
𝒏
+ 𝟏
𝟐
 EXAMPLE
1
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
13-day period is:
4632783557664
For this data set, find the median!
 EXAMPLE
2
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
14 -day period is:
46327835576643
For this data set, find the median!
 MEDIAN vs.
MEAN
 the used of Mean and or
Sometime,
Mean could be misleading

For example:
The grades of 10 students in the
Chemistry class are
50 45 50 30 40 40 50 100 100 100
If the passing grade is 60, can we
use the mean to say that the
method is effective? Why?
 MEDIAN vs.
example:
Another
MEAN
Determine the median and mean salary at
the five-employee company, given:
a. $48,000 $48,000 $48,000 $48,000 $48,000
b. $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000
$120,000

Which could describe the salary of the

employee better?
 The most
frequently/the most
often occurring value
in the data set

Just like median,

It should be ordered
first!
 EXAMPLE
1
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
13 -day period is:
4632783557664
For this data set, find the mode!
 EXAMPLE
2
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
13 -day period is:
4632783557667
For this data set, find the mode!

Bimodal data  it has two modes

 EXAMPLE
2
 of trucks using a road over a
The number
9 -day period is:
123456789
For this data set, find the mode!

Multimodal data  it has more than two

modes
 When to use mode
instead of mean and
median?

When data is
categorical
data/discreet
 EXAMPLE
A T-shirt
3
company sells shirt in a variety
of sizes. A sales report shows that more
large T-shirts are sold than any other size.
If the manager keeps a record of the total
number of T-shirt sold in each size, which
of the following measures would
represent large T-shirt sales?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Modus
 WARMING UP

http://www.mathopolis.com/questions/q.php?id=1876&site=1&ref=/dat
a/central-
measures.html&qs=1876_1877_1878_1879_1880_1881_3050_3051_3052
 

MEASURING THE
DISPERSION OF DATA
 RANGE

The difference between the maximum or the largest and the
minimum or the smallest data values
 RANGE

Sometimes the range can be misleading






 

PERCEN DE
TILES CILES
 Percentiles

In Order
The data needs to be in order!
To calculate percentiles of height the data needs to be in height
order (sorted by height).
To calculate percentiles of age the data needs to be in age order.
And so on.
Percentiles

Deciles

Deciles

 Another Example of Percentiles

A total of 10,000 people visited the Supermall Karawaci over 12 hours:
a. Estimate the 30th percentiles (when 30% of
the visitors had arrived)
b. Estimate at what percentiles of visitors had
arrived after 11 hours!
Another Example of Percentiles


 Another
Example 
a. The 30th percentiles
occurs when the
visits reach 3,000.
So,

The 30th percentiles

occurs in the middle of 6
and 7 hours of operation
(Or let say 6.5 hours
after the mall was open
 Another
Example 
b. What is the
percentile of visits
after 11 hours?

After 11 hours the

percentile reaches 95%
 BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT

5 8 9 4 6 9 6 6 7 68 4 5 4 6
83 5 8 6 3

Make the box-and-whisker plot!