LTE Overview

Topics
What is LTE?
Why LTE is needed?
Reference Architecture
E-UTRAN Architecture
EPC Components, Functions and Interfaces
 MME
 SGW
 PDN-GW
Support Information
 Acronyms
 Standards References
LTE, EPS, E-UTRAN and EPC
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution), an evolution of GSM/UMTS, specifies the
next generation 3GPP mobile broadband network
The mobile broadband network is called Evolved Packet System (EPS)
The EPS consists of Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet Core
(EPC)
For 3GPP high level requirements on UTRA-UTRAN Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE), read
http://www.3gpp.org/Highlights/LTE/lte.htm
Phase 4 Chalk talks, EPC FDD links:
 http://mobility.ih.lucent.com/~jlic/lte.htm
 EPC FDD 7090: http://mobility.ih.lucent.com/~slaha/LTE/
MME sites:
 https://sps.ndc.lucent.com/sites/wireless.mme/default.aspx - App Arch
 https://sps.ndc.lucent.com/sites/wireless.mme_sae/default.aspx - SAE
 Mobile Evolution and 3GPP Releases

CDMA

Real-Time
Services Voice, SMS Web Browsing Media Streaming VoIP
Multimedia

Radio Technology

RAN W-CDMA
Transport TDM QPSK ATM, FR, HDLC IP/Ethernet
OFDM/SC-FDMA
 Higher access bandwidth, new spectrum available
W-CDMA
W-CDMA
W-CDMA
64QAM/MIMO
16QAM/QPSK
16QAM
 New subscriber apps
64QAM/MIMO
 Lower cost per Mbit transport
Shift towards All-IP and flat/mesh topologies

IP is the foundation for new multimedia services and multiservice transport

What Does LTE Mean to End Users & Service Providers?
Performance Impact to End User Impact to Service Provider
Improvement

INCREASED SPECTRAL  Lower costs – flat fee  Can buy the same amount of spectrum and pump
EFFICIENCY pricing more data to users, or less spectrum to maintain
Uplink: 2.00-2.25x vs. 3G the same level of data usage
Downlink: 1.25x vs. 3G  Reduced cost per bit

FASTER SPEEDS  Faster downloads of multi- More ways to splice bandwidth:

Uplink: 2.00-2.25x vs. 3G media Same # of users with more bandwidth/user or more
 Better experience with users with same bandwidth per user
Downlink: 3x vs. 3G
Peak rate = 100 Mbps blended services

INCREASED VOICE  Better voice quality  Support more voice users

CAPACITY
10 MHz: 2x vs. 3G

REDUCED LATENCY  Faster reactions when  Can reuse applications across wireless and
< 50 ms gaming wireline
 Better voice, video  More capacity for VoIP and TCP-based applications
telephony

Comparisons based on average aggregate performance

3GPP Requirements For LTE
 Spectrum efficiency
 DL : 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO(2,2)
 UL : 2-3 times E-DCH for MIMO(1,2)
 Frequency Spectrum :
 Scalable bandwidth : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz
 To cover all frequencies of IMT-2000: 450 MHz to 2.6 GHz
 Peak data rate (scaling linearly with the spectrum allocation)
 DL : > 100Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
 UL : > 50Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
 Capacity
 200 users for 5MHz, 400 users in larger spectrum allocations (active state)
 Latency
 C-plane : < 100ms to establish U-plane
 U-plane : < 10ms from UE to server
 Coverage
 Performance targets up to 5km, slight degradation up to 30km
 Mobility
 LTE is optimized for low speeds 0-15km/h but
connection maintained for speeds up to 350 or 500km/h
 Handover between 3G & 3G LTE
 Real-time < 300ms
 Non-real-time < 500ms
LTE Key Technologies
OFDMA (DL) / SC-FDMA (UL) : Robust modulation in dense environments
 Increased spectral efficiency
 Simplified Rx design  cheaper UE
 Scalable - go beyond 5 MHz limitation
MIMO: Increased link capacity
 Multiple-input, multiple-output UL& DL
 Collaborative MIMO (UL)
 Overcome multi-path interference
IP Core: flat, scalable Call
Servers
 Short TTI: 1 ms (2 ms for HSPA) eNode B
 Backhaul based on IP / MPLS transport MME
High availability Media
 Fits with IMS, VoIP, SIP Gateways
IP Backbone

S/P GW
LTE End to End Architecture

E-UTRAN EPC
Application
servers

eNode MME
MD
B Service IP S
Multi-standard
X2
IP transport backbone User Database
backbone
eNode
S1
B
LTE S/P GW

Network simplification EPC - Network Simplification

C-plane U-plane C-plane U-plane
 User Plane : 3 functional entities : eNode B, Serving Gateway and PDN S-GW
Gateway (the gateways can be combined into a single physical entity) GGSN
P-GW
 GGSN  S/P-GW
SGSN MME
 Control plane :
 SGSN  MME (Mobility Management Entity) RNC
 RNC  eNode B
NodeB eNode B
 LTE Transforms Wireless Access and Core Networks to All-IP
Voice
SMS
Circuit Switched
2G Core (Voice)
Voice
GSM Channels
EDGE
Packet Switched Email
3G Core VPN
UMTS Internet

3G Separate Voice / IP Air Channels Separate CS / PS Core Networks

UMTS Voice
SMS
Circuit Switched
Core (Voice)

4G
Email
LTE Packet Switched
Core VPN
WIMAX Internet

Voice
SMS/MMS
Video
VoIP / IMS
Telephony
Enhanced
IP Channel
Packet Core (IP) Email
Common Evolved (IP) Packet Core VPN
Internet
IP Video
Common Packet (IP) Air Channel
End-to-End IP Service Delivery
9 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
LTE Network Architecture (Non Roaming Case)

GERAN

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S4 Rx+
S11 S7
S10
“LTE-Uu”
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE EUTRAN Operator’s IP Services
Gateway Gateway (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U
LTE Network Architecture (Roaming Case Home Routed
Traffic)
DO-LTE Reference Architecture – Another look

All interfaces are IP-based

Source: TSG-X.P0057
DO-LTE Reference Architecture
Gx (S7)
H-PDN Home
H-PCRF
GW Agent
HPLMN
S2a S9 VPLMN
(PMIPv6) V-PDN
S8a/b GW Gx MIPv4 (MIPv6)
(GTP or S5b
PMIPv6) (PMIPv6) S2a V-PCRF Ty

Legacy
Serving Gxc Gxa PDSN
GW
S103
S11
HSGW* A10/A11+ A10/A11
S1u (GTP)
MME HRPD
S101 eRNC * Note: This network
element was also
known as ePDSN
eNodeB MS eBTS
Simple IP over
HRPD and LTE +
Enhanced 835 & MIPv4 (MIPv6) over
TS 23.401/402 Standards HRPD
LTE Standard Reference Points (1 of 2)
S1-MME: Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U: Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S2a: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between
trusted non 3GPP IP access and the Gateway.
S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network
mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point as defined
between SGSNs.
S4: It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW and is based on Gn reference point as defined between
SGSN and GGSN. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user
plane tunnelling.
S5-PMIP: It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW
and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and in case the
Serving GW needs to connect to a non collocated PDN GW for the required PDN
connectivity.
S6a: This interface is defined between MME and HSS for authentication and
authorization.
S6c: It is the reference point between PDN Gateway and 3GPP AAA server/proxy for
mobility related authentication if needed. This reference point may also be used to
retrieve and request storage of mobility parameters. This reference point may also be
used to retrieve static QoS profile for a UE for non-3GPP access in case dynamic PCC is
not supported.
LTE Standard Reference Points (2 of 2)
S7: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and
Charging Enforcement Point (PCEF) ) in the PDN GW.
S7a: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy information from PCRF to the Trusted Non-3GPP
accesses.
S7b: This interface is not specified within this release of the specification.
S7c: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy information from PCRF to the Serving Gateway
S8: It is the roaming interface in case of roaming with home routed traffic. It provides
the user plane with related control between Gateways in the VPLMN and HPLMN.
S9: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the
Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function. In all
other roaming scenarios, S9 has functionality to provide dynamic QoS control policies
from the HPLMN.
S10: This interface is reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to
MME information transfer.
S11: This interface is reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S103-U: This interface is the bearer interface between the EPC Serving Gateway and
the HSGW,
S101: This interface is the signaling interface between the EPC MME and the evolved
HRPD Access Network (eAN/PCF).
X2: This interface is for eNodeB to eNodeB handoff.
 Evolved UTRAN Architecture
Key elements of network
architecture MME/SGW MME/SGW
 No more RNC
 RNC layers/functionalities
moved to eNB

EPC
 X2 interface for intra-eNB
mobility (i.e. data/context
forwarding) S1 S1
S1
S1 S1
eNB Functions
 RRM S1
 Header compression &

E-UTRAN
encryption of data streams
 UL/DL resource allocation
 Paging
 BCCH info over the air eNB X2 eNB
 MME selection during call
X2 X2
 Mobility control in eNB
LTE_Active state
 Many-to-Many Relation between MME/SGW & eNBs

Benefits MME/SGW MME/SGW

 Network sharing
 Load balancing
 Network robustness

EPC
S1 S1
S1
S1 S1

S1

E-UTRAN
eNB X2 eNB

X2 X2
eNB X2
 S1 Architecture

MME/ MME/ MME/ MME/

Key points SAEGW SAEGW SAEGW SAEGW

 S1 consists of S1-MME
(control traffic) and S1-U S1
(User Traffic)
 Flex Architecture for both
interfaces S1-U and S1-MME

eNB eNB eNB eNB

Pool A Pool B
2 entities for control plane: eNB & MME (S1-MME interface) Overlapping region
 eNB: UMTS NodeB plus UMTS RNC (RRC, Radio Bearer Management…)
 MME: UMTS MM and SM functions
2 entities for user plane: eNB & SGW (S1-U interface)
 eNB: UMTS NodeB plus UMTS RNC (PDCP/RLC/MAC…)
 SGW: (Serving Gateway) UMTS packet core user plane
eNB, MME and SGW Pools

•MME Pool •MME Pool

A B
MME
MME MME
MME MME
MME MME

•SGW Pool 1 •SGW Pool 2

SGW
SGW SGW
SGW SGW

•eNB1 •eNB2 •eNB3 •eNB4 •eNB5 •eNB6 •eNB7 •eNB8 •eNB9

•Pool Area •Pool Area

X Y
 Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)
eN B LTE functions in eNode-B

I n t e r C e ll R R M
 Selection of MME at UE attachment
 Routing towards SGW at UE initial access
R B C o n tr o l  NAS messaging encapsulated by RRC for tx over radio
 Scheduling and transmission of paging messages
C o n n e c tio n M o .b ilit y C o n t  Scheduling and transmission of System Information
R a d io A d m is s io n C o n t r o l  Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both UL
and DL
e N B M e a su re m e n t MME  Configuration and provision of eNB measurements
C o n f ig u r&a Pt ior on v is io n  Radio Bearer Control
N A S S e c u r it y  Radio Admission Control
D y n a m ic R e s o u r c e
A llo c a t(Sio cn h e d )u le r  Access restrictions in Active state
I d le S t a t e M o b ilit y  Connection Mobility Control in LTE_ACTIVE state
RRC H a n d lin g  Active mode Handover handling
 RRC, header compression, encryption, RLC, MAC,
PDCP S A E B e a r e r C o n t r o l PHY
 Security of User plane and RRC
R LC
 Encryption of both in PDCP, integrity check of RRC
M AC
S e r v in g G a t e w a y  Scheduling and associated QoS handling
S1
PHY M o b ilit y A n c h o r in g
in t e r n e t
MME Functions
NAS signalling
NAS signalling security
S101 – Interface between MME and eRNC for inter-RAT handoffs
Inter CN node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks
(terminating S3)
UE Reachability in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of paging
retransmission)
Tracking Area list management
PDN GW and Serving GW selection
MME selection for handovers with MME change
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks
Roaming (S6a towards home HSS)
Authentication
Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment.
Lawful Interception of signalling traffic.
SGW Functions
For each UE associated with the EPS, at a given point of time, there is a
single Serving GW.
The functions of the Serving GW, for both the GTP-based and the PMIP-based
S5/S8, include:
 the local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNodeB handover;
 assist the eNodeB reordering function during inter-eNodeB handover by sending one
or more "end marker" packets to the source eNodeB immediately after switching the
path.
 Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and relaying the traffic
between 2G/3G system and PDN GW);
 ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered
service request procedure;
 Lawful Interception;
 Packet routeing and forwarding;
 Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink, e.g. setting the
DiffServ Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer;
 Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator charging;
 UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI
(e.g. for roaming with home routed traffic)
PDN GW Functions
If a UE is accessing multiple PDNs, there may be more than one PDN GW for that UE,
however a mix of S5/S8 connectivity and Gn/Gp connectivity is not supported for that
UE simultaneously.
PDN GW functions include for both the GTP-based and the PMIP-based S5/S8:
 Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection);
 Lawful Interception;
 UE IP address allocation;
 Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, e.g. setting the DiffServ Code Point,
based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer;
 UL and DL service level charging as defined in TS 23.203 [6]
(e.g. based on SDFs defined by the PCRF, or based on deep packet inspection defined by local
policy);
 UL and DL service level gating control as defined in TS 23.203 [6];
 UL and DL service level rate enforcement as defined in TS 23.203 [6]
(e.g. by rate policing/shaping per SDF);
 UL and DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR
(e.g. by rate policing/shaping per aggregate of traffic of all SDFs of the same APN that are
associated with Non-GBR QCIs);
 DL rate enforcement based on the accumulated MBRs of the aggregate of SDFs with the same
GBR QCI(e.g. by rate policing/shaping);
 DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (client, relay and server) functions;
UE PDN-GW User Plane Protocol Stack for PMIP based
S5/S8
Mobility Management Entity Interfaces

S1-AP is the application

protocol between eNodeB
and MME
SCTP is used to guarantee

NAS
delivery of signaling
messages
Non-Access Stratum
Protocol between UE and
MME supports UE mobility

RRC
and session management
S11 interface between MME
and SGW uses GTP-C for
bearer set up

PDCP
25 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
SGW & PDN-GW Interfaces

S5 interface uses GTP-C for

bearer set up between SGW
and PDN-GW

Control plane protocol stack

for PMIP based S5/S8 messages
HSGW Functions

Terminates S103 from SGW

PMIP Mobility Access Gateway
(inter LTE-HRPD HO)
Bearer binding/flow mapping
Simple IP A10/A11+
ROHC
Need to show HSGW to PDN-
GW protocol stack
Future Tutorial Topics

 S1-AP
 Mobility management
 Session Management
 Paging Techniques
 LTE-LTE Handoff
 LTE-eHRPD Handoff
 Authentication – AKA Procedure
Support Information
Glossary
AAA – Authentication, Authorization, & HSS – Home Subscriber System
Accounting IMS – IP Multi-media Subsystems
AM – Access Manager LCP – Lucent Control Platform
AN – Access Node LMA – Local Mobility Anchor
AS – Application Server LTE – Long Term Evolution
ASN-GW – Access Service Network GateWay MAG – Mobility Access Gateway
AT – Access Terminal MIP – Mobile Internet Protocol
ATCA – Advanced Telecommunications MME – Mobility Management Entity
Computing Architecture PCRF – Policy Charging Rules Function
BTS – Base Transceiver Station PDN GW– Packet Data Network GateWay (H=Home
CMIP – Client MIP or V=Visited)
DO – CDMA Data Only PDSN – Packet Data Serving Node
ENodeB – LTE Base Station (or Cell) PMIP – Proxy MIP
PPP – Point to Point Protocol
EVDO – Evolution Data Only (CDMA) – see also
HRPD ROHC – RObust Header Compression
4G – Fourth Generation SDM – Subscriber DB Manager
GPRS – General Packet Radio Service SGW- Signaling GateWay
GTP – GPRS Tunneling Protocol SRNC – Serving Radio Network Controller
TAS – Telephony Application Server
IPSec – IP Security tunnel protocol
UMB – Ultra Mobile Broadband
HA – Home Agent
WiMAX – Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave
HRPD – High Rate Packet Data Access
HSPD – High Speed Packet Data
 Specification completion

LTE Milestone in 3GPP Standard Evolution

Rel’99 Rel’4 Rel’5 Rel’6 Rel’7 Rel’8

3GPP
Release
UMTS FDD Core Netw.
Evolution HSDPA HSPA+
HSUPA
DCH up to
2Mbps FDD Multimedia MBMS
i.e. MIMO,
CPC, DL 64-
QAM, UL
LTE
repeaters sub-system 16-QAM

1.28Mcps
TDD

RAN#36 RAN#37 RAN#38 RAN#39 RAN#40 RAN#41

(Mar. (Sep. 07) (Dec. 07) (Mar. (Jun. 08) (Sep. 08)
07) 08)
RAN1 65% 80% 95% CRs CRs CRs

RAN2 20% 60–80% (no ASN.1) 80-95% CRs CRs CRs

RAN3 20% 60-80% (no ASN.1) 80-95% CRs CRs CRs

RAN4 40% 50-80% 70-95% CRs CRs

RAN5 5% 40% 80%

 Functional Mapping (from TR 25.813)
MME Functions
eN B
Idle mode mobility
I n t e r C e ll R R M  Tracking area update
R B C o n tr o l  Maintenance of equivalent tracking areas
 Idle mode access restrictions
C o n n e c tio n M o .b ilit y C o n t  Security Key management

R a d io A d m is s io n C o n t r o l  S1-u connection establishment

e N B M e a su re m e n t
C o n f ig u r&a Pt ior on v is io n
D y n a m ic R e s o u r c e
A llo c a t(Sio cn h e d )u le r
RRC
PDCP
MME
N A S S e c u r it y
I d le S t a t e M o b ilit y
H a n d lin g
S A E B e a r e r C o n tr o l
 Idle to active mode transition
Session management
 RAB and QoS
S1 handling during HO
SAE GW radio related functionality
 Idle S1 GTP bearer end point
 QoS handling & tunnel mgt

R LC  S1 path switch during Handover

S e r v in g G a t e w a y
M AC
S1
PHY M o b ilit y A n c h o r in g
in t e r n e t
 RRM Functions (1/3)
eN B
I n t e r C e ll R R M
R B C o n tr o l
C o n n e c tio n M o .b ilit y C o n t
R a d io A d m is s io n C o n t r o l
e N B M e a su re m e n t
C o n f ig u r&a Pt ior on v is io n
D y n a m ic R e s o u r c e
A llo c a t(Sio cn h e d )u le r
RRC
PDCP
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
(ICIC):
 Managing the radio resources (notably the
radio resource blocks) such that inter-cell
interference is kept under control
Load Balancing (LB):
 Influence the traffic load distribution in
such a manner that radio resources remain
MME highly utilized and the QoS of in-progress
sessions are maintained to the possible
N A S S e c u r it y extent (may result in handover decisions)
Inter-RAT Radio Resource Management:
I d le S t a t e M o b ilit y  In connection with inter-RAT mobility
H a n d lin g (taking into account the involved RAT
resource situation, UE capabilities &
operator policies)
S A E B e a r e r C o n tr o l

R LC
S e r v in g G a t e w a y
M AC
S1
PHY M o b ilit y A n c h o r in g
in t e r n e t
 RRM Functions (2/3)
eN B Connection Mobility Control (CMC):
I n t e r C e ll R R M  Management of radio resources in connection
with idle or active mode
R B C o n tr o l  Mobility of radio connections: handover
decisions based on UE & e-NodeB measurements
C o n n e c tio n M o .b ilit y C o n t + potentially: neighbour cell load, traffic
distribution, transport & HW resources &
operator defined policies
R a d io A d m is s io n C o n t r o l
Radio Bearer Control (RBC):
e N B M e a su re m e n t MME  Establishment, maintenance & release of Radio
C o n f ig u r&a Pt ior on v is io n Bearers
N A S S e c u r it y  Taking into account overall resource situation,
D y n a m ic R e s o u r c e
QoS requirements of in-progress sessions and of
A llo c a t(Sio cn h e d )u le r
the new service)
I d le S t a t e M o b ilit y
RRC H a n d lin g Radio Admission Control (RAC):
 Admit or reject the establishment requests for
PDCP new radio bearers (taking into account overall
S A E B e a r e r C o n tr o l resource situation, QoS requirements & priority
levels)
R LC
S e r v in g G a t e w a y
M AC
S1
PHY M o b ilit y A n c h o r in g
in t e r n e t
 RRM Functions (2/3)
eN B
I n t e r C e ll R R M
R B C o n tr o l
C o n n e c tio n M o .b ilit y C o n t
R a d io A d m is s io n C o n t r o l
e N B M e a su re m e n t
C o n f ig u r&a Pt ior on v is io n
D y n a m ic R e s o u r c e
A llo c a t(Sio cn h e d )u le r
RRC
Packet Scheduling (PSC)
 Allocate/De-allocate resources (including
buffer, processing resources & resource
blocks) to UP & CP packets including:
 Selection of RB, whose packets are to
be scheduled
 Managing the necessary resources (e.g.
power levels, specific resource blocks)
MME
N A S S e c u r it y
I d le S t a t e M o b ilit y
H a n d lin g

PDCP S A E B e a r e r C o n tr o l

R LC
S e r v in g G a t e w a y
M AC
S1
PHY M o b ilit y A n c h o r in g
in t e r n e t
LTE-HRPD Interworking 3GPP Standards – Stage 2
TR36.300 defines LTE Radio Access
 RAN3 defined the ASN1 (coding) of the S1-AP interface to Packet Core

3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Architecture

 TS 23.401 Specifies MME, SGW, PDN GW
 S1-U GTP (eNodeB to SGW bearer)
 S1-MME GTP (eNodeB to MME control)
 S10 GTP (MME to MME control)
 S11 GTP (MME to SGW),
 S5a GTP (SGW to Visited PDN-GW),
 S8a GTP (SGW to Home PDN-GW),
 Gx (S7) Diameter (Home PDN-GW to Home PCRF),
 Gxc (S7c) Diameter (SGW to Visited PCRF)
 S6a Diameter (MME to HSS)
 TS 23.402 EPC Enhancements for non 3GPP networks deploying LTE RAN.
 S101 UDP/IP (MME to DO RAN),
 S5b PMIPv6 (SGW to VPDN-GW)
 S8b PMIPv6 (SGW to Home PDN-GW)
 S103 GRE (SGW to HSGW)
 S102 A21-like UDP/IP (MME to 3G1x MSC)
 3GPP TS 36.300 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN)”
 Defines the E-UTRAN Overall Description
 Defines X2 – eNodeB to eNodeB Handoff
 Relevant 3GPP Release 8 Stage 3 Specifications
Reference Spec
Point Endpoints Usage Protocol WG Reference
S1-MME E-UTRAN - MME Session management, mobility management EMM, ESM CT1 24.301
S1-U E-UTRAN - MME User plane tunneling GTP-U CT4, RAN3 29.274
S2a MAG - PDN GW Control and user plane from trusted non-3GPP to PDN GW PMIP CT4 29.275
S2b ePDG - PDN GW Control and user plane from ePDG to PDN GW PMIP CT4 29.275
User plane tunneling and tunnel management between S-GW and
S5 (PMIP) S-GW - PDN GW PMIP CT4 29.275
PDN GW. Serving GW relocation
S6a MME - HSS Authentication and authorization Diameter CT4 29.272
Authentication, retrieval of mobility parameters (and static QoS
S6b PDN GW - 3GPP profile for non-3GPP access if PCC is not used) from 3GPP AAA Diameter CT4 29.273
AAA server or proxy to PDN GW.
Authentication and mobility parameters from 3GPP AAA proxy to S-
S6c Diameter CT4 29.273
S-GW - 3GPP AAA GW
QoS policy and charging rules from PCRF to policy and charging
Gx Diameter CT3 29.212
PCRF - PDN GW enforcement point in PDN GW. Based on Gx
Trusted non-3GPP-
Gxa QoS policy information from PCRF to trusted non-3GPP access Diameter CT3 29.212
PCRF
Gxc PCRF - S-GW QoS policy information from PCRF to S-GW Diameter CT3 29.212
Inter-PLMN reference point for control and user plane between S-
S8 (GTP) S-GW - PDN GW GW and PDN GW. Inter-PLMN variant of S5, based on Gp. GTP CT4 29.274
Inter-PLMN roaming interface for control and user plane between
S8 (PMIP) S-GW - PDN GW PMIP CT4 29.275
S-GW and PDN GW for home routed traffic case
QoS policy and charging information from Home PCRF to visited
S9 H-PCRF - S-PCRF Diameter CT3 29.125
PCRF
S10 MME-MME Reference point between two MMEs for MME relocation GTP CT4 29.274
S11 MME - S-GW Bearer control between MME and S-GW GTP CT4 29.274
Optional reference point for user plane tunneling in direct tunnel
S12 UTRAN - S-GW mode is based on Iu-u GTP-U CT4 29.274
SGi PDN GW - PDN Breakout from the PDN GW to packet data network Diameter, Radius CT3 29.061
 Relevant 3GPP Release 8 Stage 3 Specifications
Reference Spec
Point Endpoints Usage Protocol WG Reference
Rx PDN GW - PCRF Policy and charging information to operator's IP services Diameter CT3 29.214
S14 UE - ANDSF Dynamic provision of network selection information to UE Not defined yet CT1 24,302
ANDSF - Non- Dynamic exchange of information between ANDSF and non-3GPP
S15 3GPP access IP access network Not defined yet
Trusted non-3GPP - AAA information and mobility and charging information from 3GPP
Sta Diameter CT4 29.273
PCRF server or proxy to trusted non-3GPP access
Swa untrusted non- AAA information and mobility information from 3GPP server or Diameter CT4 29.273
3GPP - 3GPP AAA proxy to an untrusted non-3GPP access
3GPP AAA proxy -
SWd Diameter CT4 29.273
3GPP AAA server Links the AAA proxy to the AAA server via intermediate networks
AAA information and mobility parameters from 3GPP AAA proxy or
SWm 3GPP AAA - ePDG Diameter CT4 29.273
server to ePDG
Untrusted non-
SWn PMIP CT4 29.275
3GPP - ePDG Forces the tunneled traffic from the UE towards ePDG
UE initiated establishment and tear down of IPSec tunnel. Fast
update of IPSec tunnels during handover between two untrusted
Swu UE - ePDG non-3GPP accesses IKEv2, MOBIKE CT1 24,302
UE -
Access authentication (mandatory for trusted, optional for
N.N. trusted/untrusted EAP AKA CT1 24.302
untrusted access)
non-3GPP access
3GPP AAA Server -
SWx Authentication data from the HSS to 3GPP AAA server Diameter CT4 29.273
HSS
Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols between EUTRAN
S101 MME-HRPD AN CT4 29.277
Access and cdma2000 HRPD Access
cdma2000 HRPD Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols between EUTRAN
S102 CT4 29.276
access Access and 1xRTT Access
cdma2000 1xRTT Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols between EUTRAN
S103 CT4 29.277
access Access and cdma2000 HRPD Access
USIM/ME USIM - UE USIM interface T=0 CT6 31.102, 31.111
 Relevant 3GPP Release 8 Stage 3 Specifications
Reference Spec
Point Endpoints Usage Protocol WG Reference
Cx HSS – CSCF Location management, user data handling, user authentication Diameter CT4 29.228, 29.229
Dx I-SCSCF – SLF Subscription Locator Query, used in conjunction with Cx interface Diameter CT4 29.228, 29.229
Gm UE – P-CSCF Multi-media type services SIP CT1 24.229
ISC S-CSCF – AS Subscription to event notification, convey charging info SIP CT1 24.229
Mw CSCF – CSCF Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
Mg CSCF – MGCF Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
Mr S-CSCF – MRFC Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
Mi Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
CSCF – BGCF
Mj BGCF – MGCF Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229

Mx CSCF – IBCF Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229

Mk BGCF – BGCF Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
Mm CSCF – Ext. IMS Call Control Protocol for use in IP Multimedia CN subsystem SIP, SDP CT1 24.229
Mn MGCF– IMS-MGW Support for PSTN/ISDN emulation as required by ETSI TISPAN H.248 CT4 29.332
Mp MRFC – MRFP Allows MRFC control of media resources provided by MRFP H.248 CT4 29.333
Presence Manage presence information of a user device, service or
Various SIP, XCAP CT1 24.141
Ref Points service media
Rf AS – CDF Offline Charging reference point Diameter SA5 32.260, 32.299
Ro AS/MRFC – OCS Online Charging reference point Diameter SA5 32.260, 32.299
Sh AS – HSS Data handling, Subscription Notification Diameter CT4 29.328, 29.329
Dh AS – SLF Subscription Locator Query, used in conjunction with Sh interface Diameter CT4 29.328, 29.329
Ut UE – AS Service Configuration Data Manipulation for Supplementary Services XCAP, HTTP CT4 24.423
 NAS sub-layer performs:
 Authentication
LTE ARCHITECTURE – Control Plane Layout over S1  Security control
 Idle mode mobility handling
 Idle mode paging origination

UE eNB MME

NAS NAS
RRC sub-layer performs:
RRC RRC  Broadcasting
 Paging
 Connection Mgt
PDCP PDCP  Radio bearer control
 Mobility functions
 UE measurement reporting & control
RLC
PDCP sub-layer performs:
RLC
 Integrity protection & ciphering

MAC MAC

PHY PHY

UE eNode-B MME
LTE ARCHITECTURE – Control Plane Layout over S1

UE eNB MME

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY

UE eNode-B MME
LTE ARCHITECTURE – User Plane Layout over S1

UE eNB SAE Gateway

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY

UE eNode-B SAE
 LTE ARCHITECTURE – User Plane Layout over S1
Physical sub-layer performs:
PDCP sub-layer performs:
 DL: ODFMA, UL: SC-FDMA
 Header compression
 HARQ
 Ciphering
 UL power control
 Multi-stream transmission & reception (i.e. MIMO)

UE eNB SAE Gateway

RLC sub-layer performs:

PDCP PDCP  Transferring upper layer PDUs

 In-sequence delivery of PDUs
 No error correction through ARQ
 Duplicate detection
RLC RLC  Flow control
 Concatenation/re-assembly of packets

MAC sub-layer performs:

MAC MAC  Scheduling
 Error correction through HARQ
 Priority handling across UEs & logical
PHY PHY channels
 In-sequence delivery of RLC PDUs
 Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of RLC
radio bearers into/from PhCHs on TrCHs

UE eNode-B MME
LTE-HRPD Interworking 3GPP Standards – Stage 2 (continued)

Three 3GPP2 LTE-HRPD standards documents…

 3GPP2 TSG-C C.S0087-0 Inter-working Specification for cdma2000 1x, High Rate
Packet Data and Long Term Evolution Systems
– eAT new ProtocolIDs and new tunneling-related protocols

 TSG-A A.S0022-0 “E-UTRAN-HRPD Connectivity/Interworking: Core Network

Aspects”: Based on the existing HRPD IOS specification to support:
– A11+ UDP/IP (DO RAN to HSGW)
– S101 UDP/IP (DO RAN to MME)

 TSG-X.0057 “E-UTRAN-HRPD Connectivity/Interworking: Core Network Aspects”

– Defines E-TRAN-eHRPD connectivity and Interworking Architecture
– Define HSGW functions and interfaces
– S2a PMIP v6 (HSGW to PDN-GW)
– Gxa (S7a) Diameter (HSGW to PCRF)
– S101 UDP/IP (DO RAN to MME)
– S103 GRE (SGW to HSGW)