Formative Assessment

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Page 133

BRAIN GAUGE
 Answers
1. Gamma Ray
2. Radio Wave
3. Gamma Ray
4. Radio wave
5. Gamma Ray
6. Radio Wave
7. X-ray
8. Microwave
9. Infrared
10. Ultraviolet
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Electromagnetic Waves
• Transverse waves without a medium!
• (They can travel through empty space)
• They travel as vibrations in electrical
and magnetic fields.
• Have some magnetic and some electrical
properties to them.
 When an electric field changes, so does the
magnetic field. The changing magnetic field
causes the electric field to change. When one
field vibrates—so does the other.
RESULT-An electromagnetic wave.
Electromagnetic waves travel
VERY FAST – around
300,000 kilometres per
second (the speed of light).

At this speed
they can go
around the world
8 times in one
second.
Waves or Particles?
• Electromagnetic radiation has properties
of waves but also can be thought of as a
stream of particles.
o Example: Light
• Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse wave which
we can filter using polarized lenses.
• Light as particles (photons): When directed at a substance
light can knock electrons off of a substance (Photoelectric
effect)
10
 Dispersion

We can split white light into a range of colours using a prism.

This process is called dispersion. There are millions of
different colours but we normally say that there are just
seven.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet. 11
12
 Speed of Light
•Light and all other Electromagnetic waves travel at
the same speed, called the speed of light!
•In free space (a vacuum like outer space), light
travels at 300,000,000 m/s.
•When light or other EM waves pass through the air
they move only a tiny bit slower.
•Light can travel round the equator of the Earth
eight times in a second.
c = 3 × 108 m/s = 186,000 miles/s
13
Electromagnetic Spectrum—name for the
range of electromagnetic waves when
placed in order of increasing frequency

ULTRAVIOLET GAMMA
RADIO INFRARED
RAYS RAYS
WAVES RAYS
MICROWAVES X-RAYS
VISIBLE LIGHT
 Notice the wavelength is
long (Radio waves) and gets shorter
(Gamma Rays)
EM Radiation
Shorter wavelength means
more danger.

17
Ionizing electromagnetic radiation can be dangerous
to our health. 18
 The electromagnetic spectrum
 Light, a type of radiation, is part TRUE/FALSE
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 The electromagnetic spectrum is TRUE/FALSE
made up of different types of
radiation.
 The different types of radiation
have different properties and TRUE/FALSE
behaviour.
 All electromagnetic waves can TRUE/FALSE
travel through space.
 All electromagnetic waves travel TRUE/FALSE
at the same speed in a vacuum
(300,000,000 m/s).
19
 Frequency and
wavelength
Frequency Wavelength
•Radio waves, Low Long
•Micro waves,
•Infra Red,
•Visible light,
•Ultra violet,
•X-rays,
•Gamma rays. High Short 20
RADIO WAVES
Have the longest
wavelengths and
lowest
frequencies of
all the
electromagnetic
waves.
 Radio waves
• Longest wavelength EM waves
• Uses:
o TV broadcasting
o AM and FM broadcast radio
o Avalanche beacons
o Heart rate monitors
o Cell phone communication
 Radio waves
• Your radio captures radio waves emitted
by radio stations, bringing your favorite
tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by
stars and gases in space.
Radio wave satellite
communication

24
Radio waves
How do radio signals
from the UK reach
around the globe?
Radio waves of
different frequencies
behave in different
ways.
Some radio waves
reflect off the
ionosphere of the
atmosphere.
25
 Radio waves

Radio waves are used for broadcasting sound and

television. They are very useful as they bounce off
the ionosphere and can therefore travel long
distances.
Radio waves can be transmitted and received by
cheap and reliable antennas. 26
A radio picks up
radio waves
through an
antenna and
converts it to
sound waves.

o Each radio station in

an area broadcasts at
a different
frequency.
• # on radio dial
tells frequency.
 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
measure the time it takes a radio wave
to travel from several satellites to the
receiver, determining the distance to
each satellite.
 MRI
(MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)
Uses Short wave radio waves with a
magnet to create an image.
MICROWAVES
Have the shortest
wavelengths and
the highest
frequency of the
radio waves.
 Microwaves
• Wavelengths from 1 mm- 1 m
• Uses:
o Microwave ovens
o Bluetooth headsets
o Broadband Wireless Internet
o Radar
o GPS
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
• Used to find the speed of an object by
sending out radio waves and measuring
the time it takes them to return.
 Microwaves
• Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn
in just a few minutes, but is also used by
astronomers to learn about the structure
of nearby galaxies.
Microwaves
Microwaves are useful for cooking food but are also
used for communications. Microwaves can pass
through clouds without being affected. They are
used for mobile phones and satellite communications.

The Amazon and the

background radiation of space.
34
 Microwave heating
•The microwaves used in a cooking machine are about
12 cm long. They vibrate water and fat particles to
make them hot. Microwaves cannot go very far into
food which is why big turkeys cannot be cooked in a
normal microwave oven.

•Microwaves given off by a cooker or a mobile phone

can cause the heating of internal body parts. A
cooker has a shield on it to stop this happening.
Mobile phones only cause a tiny amount of heating
and are not really very dangerous. Just don’t phone
for a long time or when you are on your bike. 35
 INFRARED
Infrared= below
red
Shorter
wavelength and
higher frequency
than microwaves.
 Infrared
• Wavelengths in between microwaves
and visible light
• Uses:
o Night vision goggles
o Remote controls
o Heat-seeking missiles
Infrared Waves
Night vision goggles pick up the infrared
light emitted by our skin and objects
with heat. In space, infrared light helps
us map the dust between stars.
 Infrared
•All objects that have a temperature give off some
Infra Red (IR) radiation. Unless something is
much hotter than us we cannot feel this radiation.
•A heater or grill or toaster uses IR radiation to
heat a room or cook some food.
•Special cameras can be used to change IR into
visible light so that we can see hot objects.
•Too much IR radiation, such as sticking your hand
under a grill, can cause burns to our skin.
39
Infrared images

A man with a match The eyes of a cat

40
 Thermogram—a picture that shows regions of
different temperatures in the body. Temperatures
are calculated by the amount of infrared radiation
given off.
Heat lamps give off infrared
Therefore people give waves.
off infrared rays.
Night vision

42
Infrared satellite
images Infrared
•Images based on
heat radiation,
•Cool places seen
as white,
•Hot places seen
as dark,
•May be viewed
day and night.
43
VISIBLE LIGHT
Shorter wavelength and
higher frequency than
infrared rays.
Electromagnetic waves we
can see.
Longest wavelength= red
light
Shortest wavelength=
violet (purple) light
 Visible light
• Only type of EM wave able to
be detected by the human eye
• Violet is the highest frequency
light
• Red light is the lowest
frequency light
Visible Light Waves
• Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies,
light bulbs, and stars all emit visible light.
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Shorter
wavelength and
higher frequency
than visible light
Carry more energy
than visible light
Ultraviolet
• Shorter wavelengths than visible light
• Uses:
o Black lights
o Sterilizing medical equipment
o Water disinfection
o Security images on money
 Ultraviolet Waves
• Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the
Sun and are the reason skin tans and
burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV
radiation as well.
Used to kill bacteria. (Sterilization of
equipment)
Too much can cause skin cancer.
Use sun block to protect against
(UV rays)
Causes your
skin to
produce
vitamin D
(good for
teeth and
bones)
 Ultra Violet
•Ultraviolet light can come from the Sun or
artificial lamps. 10 % of the Sun’s light is UV.
•An ultraviolet sunbed can be used to change
the colour of our skin.
•Ultraviolet lamps are used to prevent crime
by detecting chemicals that we cannot see
and checking to see whether a bank note is
forged or real.
53
Damaging UV
•Unfortunately UV light is damaging to our eyes
and skin. Frequent exposure can lead to eye
problems and even blindness (Galileo).
•UV light can also cause skin cancer, which is why
you should wear sun block even if your skin does
not burn.
•The Earth is protected from a lot of UV light by
the ozone layer; unfortunately chemicals from air
con, fridges and other industries have made a big
hole in the layer.
54
Ultraviolet radiation can pass through skin to
deeper tissues.
What effect do you think the colour of the skin
has on the amount of radiation that passes
through it?

The darker the skin, the more ultraviolet radiation

is absorbed, and the less can reach into deeper
soft tissues.
55
 X- RAYS
Shorter wavelength
and higher
frequency than UV-
rays
Carry a great amount
of energy
Can penetrate most
matter.
 X-rays
• Tiny wavelength, high
energy waves
• Uses:
o Medical imaging
o Airport security
o Inspecting industrial welds
 X-Rays
A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth,
and airport security uses them to see
through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe
also emit X-rays.
 Bones and teeth absorb x-rays. (The
light part of an x-ray image indicates a
place where the x-ray was absorbed)
 Too much
exposure can
cause cancer
(lead vest at
dentist
protects
organs from
unnecessary
exposure)
 X-rays
•X-rays are very small waves that can pass through
our bodies. Some X-rays can pass through flesh
but not bone, this lets us see shadows of our bones.
•X-rays are very dangerous and can cause cancer.
In small doses they are less likely to cause cancer
and are very useful for looking for broken bones.
•X-rays are also very useful for looking inside all
sorts of objects. They are used to find cracks in
pipes and aircraft parts. They are also useful for
looking inside suitcases without having to open them.
61
Old X-rays
•Discovered in 1895
by William Roentgen,
he took this photo
of his wife.
•At first people did
not know they were
dangerous and held
X-ray shows!
62
 How are X-ray slides
formed?
X-rays can penetrate
soft tissue but not
b_____.
one
X-rays are a_________
bsorbed
more by some materials
than others.
P____________
hotographic
f____
ilm is used to detect
X-rays.
63
 Did You
Know?
Used by
engineers to
check for
tiny cracks in
structures.
o The rays pass
through the
cracks and the
cracks appear
dark on film.
GAMMA RAYS
Shorter wavelength
and higher
frequency than X-
rays
Carry the greatest
amount of energy
and penetrate the
most.
 Gamma Rays
• Smallest wavelengths, highest
energy EM waves
• Uses
o Food irradiation
o Cancer treatment
o Treating wood flooring
Gamma Rays
• Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see
inside your body. The biggest gamma-
ray generator of all is the Universe.
Used in radiation treatment to kill
cancer cells.
Can be very harmful if not used
correctly.
Did You Know?
The
Incredible
Hulk was
the victim
of gamma
radiation.
Exploding nuclear
weapons emit
gamma rays.
Using Gamma rays
Gamma rays
are very
penetrating
and can be
very dangerous
to living cells.

But there are times when we want to kill

living cells, gamma rays can be used to kill
bacteria. 71
Using Gamma rays
Gamma rays can be
used to kill bacteria
living on fruits,
such as
strawberries, so
that they last
longer before
becoming rotten.
The gamma irradiation does not affect the quality
of the fruit. Many meats, such as chicken and
pork, are also irradiated. Gamma radiation saves
thousands of lives each year. 72
 Sterilization

Gamma rays can be used to sterilise all sorts of

medical equipment to make sure that patients do
not become infected by bacteria. Even a tiny
amount of bacteria can grow to become a life
threatening illness for a post operative patient. 73
 Gamma Medicine
•Small amounts of gamma emitting chemicals
can be placed inside the body to detect
defects and problems. While they cause
some damage they may save someone’s life.
•Gamma rays can also be used to treat
cancer by focussing beams of gamma rays
onto cancer cells. This treatment can be
dangerous and painful but may prolong or
save someone’s life. X-rays are also used to
treat cancer by this method. 74
Gamma camera

75
 How are all of the
waves different?
• Electromagnetic radiation can be described as a
stream of massless particles, called photons, each
traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of
light.
• Each photon contains a certain amount of energy.
The different types of radiation are defined by
the amount of energy found in the photons.
• Radio waves have photons with low energies, and
gamma rays have photons with the highest
energies.
 Summary –
The EM spectrum
•Light is one of many waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
•In order of decreasing wavelength (increasing
frequency) they are: Radio waves, Microwaves,
Light waves, Ultra violet, X-rays and gamma rays.
•Red light has a longer wavelength then blue light.
•EM waves can be dangerous but are used in many
different ways in our everyday lives.
77
Anagrams

78
Multiple-choice quiz

79
The following diagram shows the
electromagnetic spectrum. However all the
names and colours have been mixed up.
ULTRA- GAMMA RADIO MICRO
INFRA-RED X -RAYS
VIOLET RAYS WAVES WAVES

mixed up diagram!
What region of the REAL electromagnetic spectrum

1.___ has the highest frequency?

2.___ has the longest wavelength?
3.___ has the most energy?
4.____ is used in remote controls for televisions?
5. ____can be used to kill cancer cells?
6.____ is used to make florescent inks ‘glow’? 80
What is the main difference
between light waves and
radio waves?
A. Magnitude
B. Temperature
C. Wavelength
D. Speed they travel
What kind of rays are
found on the violet
end of the spectrum?
•Gamma
Rays
What kind of waves
are found on the red
end of the
spectrum?
•Radio
Waves
 Who has the
longer
wavelengths?
•Red
•Blue
 What do all
electromagnetic
waves have in
common?
A. They all emit sound
B. They are all invisible
C. They all have the same wavelength
D. They can all travel through a
vacuum
 Waves travel and
transfer _____ from
one point to
another.
A. Radiation
B. Energy
C. Wavelength
D. Frequency
 What is the order of
waves from longest
wavelength to shortest
wavelength?

• Radio, Microwave, Infrared,

Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Rays,
Gamma Rays
 CLOSURE
EXCHANGE NOTES
Each student will write 2 things they learned about
EM spectrum and will exchange paper and will
exchange paper with their classmates.