Speed control of squirrel cage

induction machine using V/F

control

Prepared by:
Luis Fernando Montoya
Chun-Ju Huang
Ashish K. Solanki

1
 Agenda
 Introduction
 Applications of AC drives
 Types of Methods to control the speed of Induction machine
 V/F control
 Power Converters
 Simulation Model
 Simulation Results
 Conclusion
 Reference

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 Introduction

An electric drive system consisting of electric motor, its power

controller and energy transmitting shaft consisting of load
Types of Drive system
(1)DC Drive
(2)AC Drive
AC Drives are mostly used in Industry.

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 Advantages and disadvantages of AC
Drives compare to DC Drives
 Advantages of ac drives
1. For the same rating, ac motors are lighter in weight as compared
to dc motors.
2. AC motors require low maintenance.
3. AC motors are less expensive.
4. AC motors can work in dangerous areas like chemical,
petrochemical etc.
 Disadvantage of ac drives
1.Power converters for the control of ac motors are more complex.
2.Power converter for ac drives are more expensive.
3.Power converters for ac drives generate harmonics in the supply
system and load circuit.
4
 Industrial applications
Induction motors with squirrel cage rotors are the workhorse of
industry because of their low cost and rugged construction.
When Squirrel cage induction machine is operated directly from
the line voltages(60 Hz/50 Hz essentially constant voltage) an
Induction motor is operated at constant speed. However in the
industry we required to vary the speed of an Induction motor.
This can be done by Induction motor drives.
Main application of Induction Motor drives:
Fans, Compressor, Pumps, blowers, machine tools like lathe,
drilling machine, lifts, conveyer belts etc.

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 Methods of Speed Control
of Induction motors
(1) Stator voltage Control
(2) Stator Frequency Control
(3) Stator Current Control
(4) V/F Control
(5) Slip power recovery Control ( Wound Rotor Induction
Machine)

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Curve of the behavior of the
Induction Machine
• During start up. Normally
draws up to seven times the
rated current.

• Normally delivers
approximately 1.5 the rated
torque, when starting

• When operating at base

speed if the load is
increased, the motor will
start slowing down and the
slip will increase.

•But if the load is increased

beyond the Break down
torque, the machine wont
be able to recover. 7
V/Hz Theory Background
 The induction motor draws
the rated current and
delivers the rated torque at
the base speed.
 As mentioned before the
motor can take up to 2.5 load
increase, with 20% drop in the
speed.

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Description of the principle
 Assume the voltage applied to the Motor is AC, and the voltage
drop across the Armature resistance very small. Then at the
steady state we get:

 (Voltage applied at the stator, and Flux)

 Since the V/f relation keeps constant, then the flux remains
constant and the torque is independent of the supplied
frequency.

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Description of the Principle
 Since the flux is maintained
constant, the toque developed
depends only on the slip speed.
 Huge starting torque can be
obtained without heating-up the
machine

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V/Hz Open Loop
Torque

Synchronous
frequency

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V/Hz control Closed loop

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Three Phase Full Bride Uncontrolled Rectifier

13
DC-DC Boost Converter

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DC-DC Boost Converter

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3 Phase PWM Inverter

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Block Diagram of Simulation Model

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Simulation Model

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Uncontrolled Rectifier and DC-DC Boost
Converter Simulation Model

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3 phase inverter with Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor

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 Simulation Results
Input Voltage for 3 phase uncontrolled Rectifier
Voltage input to rectifier

Vin A
300 Vin B
Vin C

200

100
Input Voltage to rectifier(V)

-100

-200

-300

-400

4.14 4.145 4.15 4.155 4.16 4.165 4.17 4.175

Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Output Voltage of three phase uncontrolled rectifier

Vin A
300
Vin B
Vin C
Rectified Output voltage

200

100
Output Voltage of Rectifier(V)

-100

-200

-300

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24

Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Output Voltage of DC/DC Boost converter

Output Voltage of DC DC Converter

400
Vdc out

350

300
Output Voltage of DC DC Converter(V)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
A(V)) Output inverter(V))

Output Voltage of 3 Phase PWM inverter before filter

Output Voltage of Inverter before filter
500
Vout inv A
0 Vout inv B
Vout inv C
Voltage

-500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(s)
Output inverter phase

500

-500
B(V))

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Voltage

Time(s)
Output inverter phase

500

-500
C(V))

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Voltage

Time(s)
Voltage Output inverter phase

500

-500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Output Voltage of Inverter after filter
( Controlled Input voltage given to Induction motor)

Output Voltage of Inverter after filter(input Voltage to Machine)

250
Output Voltage of Inverter after filter(input Voltage to Machine)
Vin m A
200
Vin m B Vin m A
Vin m C Vin m B
200 Vin m C

150

150

100

100

50
50
Voltage Input to Machine(V)

Voltage Input to Machine(V)

0 0

-50
-50

-100
-100

-150

-150

-200

-200

-250 3.68 3.7 3.72 3.74 3.76 3.78 3.8 3.82 3.84 3.86 3.88
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time(s)
Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Stator Current
Stator Current

10 Istator A
Istator B
Istator C

2
Stator Current(A)

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9

Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Rotor Reference speed and Actual Speed
Here the reference speed is 1000 rpm= 104.72 rad/sec
Rotor Speed
120
Reference Speed
Actual Speed

100

80
Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

60

40

20

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time(s)

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 Simulation Results
Without Filter after the PWM inverter , rotor speed is fluctuating

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 Simulation Results
Rotor Reference speed and Actual Speed
Rotor Speed
100
Reference Speed
Actual Speed
90

80

70

60

Reference speed is 600rpm= 62.83 rad/sec

Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

50

40

30

20

10

-10
0 2 4 6 Rotor Speed
8 10 12 14
140 Time(s)
Reference Speed
Actual Speed

120

100

80

Reference speed is 1300 rpm=136.14 rad/sec

Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

60

40

20

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Rotor Speed
180 Time(s)
Reference Speed
Actual Speed

160

140

120

Reference speed is 1500rpm= 157.08 rad/sec

100
Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

80

60

40

20

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time(s)
12 14 16
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18 20
 Rotor Reference speed and
Actual Speed
Reference Speed is changed from 104.71 rad/sec to 92.24 rad/sec
Rotor Speed
120
Reference Speed
Actual Speed

100

80
Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

60

40

20

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time(s)

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 Conclusion
 In Case of Squirrel cage induction motor the slip
cannot be increase above certain limit, the operating
speed range is very less. By applying the V/F control
we can get the large operating range by keeping V/F
ratio constant.

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 Reference
 [1] Modern Power Electronics and AC drives by Bose, Bimal K.
 [2] POWER ELECTRONICS Converters, Applications and Design
by Ned Mohan
 [3] Power electronics Lecture Notes by Prof. Nasiri
 [4] Lecture Notes by Dr. Omar
 [5] AC Induction Motor Control using Constant V/Hz Principe
and Space Vector PWM Technique with TMS320 C240
 [6] Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor Using PIC18
Microcontrollers

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