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PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI
Call For Research Projects Final
year students of B.E in EEE, ECE,
EI, M.E (Power Systems), M.E
(Applied Electronics), M.E (Power
Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Students can assemble their hardware in our
Research labs. Experts will be guiding the
projects.
Multirate digital signal
processing
• The rapid development of multirate digital
signal processing is complemented by the
emergence of new applications. These
include subband coding of speech, audio,
and video signals, multicarrier data
transmission, fast transforms using digital
filter banks and discrete wavelet analysis of
all types of signals.
2
Multirate algorithms
• A key characteristic of multirate algorithms
is their high computational efficiency. In
many cases, these algorithms are the prime
reason that an application can now be
implemented economically using modern
digital signal processors
3
1 Sampling Rate Conversion
• Many different sampling rates in the
system
Reduction of computational complexity.
4
1.1.1 Discrete sampling
2/M
ZW M
0 1
Z Re
2/M
6
Figure 1.2 Sampling of a discrete
signal
a) x(n)
0 12 3 4 5 n
15
w4(n)
b)
n
x(n)w4(n)
c) n
1 234 5 15 7
Figure 1.3 Sampling with a phase
offset of =3
a) x(n)
0 12 3 4 5 n
15
b) w4(n- )
n
x(n)w4(n- )
c)
n
1 2 34 5 15 8
The sampling function
1 M 1 νn 1 for n mM, m integer
WM (n) WM (1.2)
M ν 0 0 otherwise
Note:
1 M 1
w M (n) w M (n) M WM νn
(1.3)
ν 0
ν 0
W M
0 otherwise
(1.4)
1.1.2 Polyphase Representation
It is possible to sample M different
signals out of x(n) each having every
Mth sample of the original .
(p) (p) (p) (p)
x(n) x 0
(n) x x 1 x (n)
(n)
2
(n)
3
(1.5)
x(n) w (n) x(n) w (n 1) x(n) w (n 2) x(n) w (n 3)
4 4 4 4
Or in general,
M 1 M 1
x(n) x λ (n) x (n) w M (n λ)
(p)
(1.6)
λ 0 λ 0
The z-transform
x z -n
X(z) (n)
n
(1.7)
-0 -0 -4 -8
x( z ) z x(0) z x(4) z x(8) z x(12) z -12
12
Figure 1.4
Polyphase representation of a
discrete signal (next slide):
13
x(n)
n
0 12 3 4 5 15
x 0(p)(n) x 1(n)
n =0
x 1(p)(n)
=1
n
x 2(p)(n)
=2
n
x 3(p)(n)
=3
n
14
n mM λ
M -1 M 1
X(z) x(mM λ). z z
-(mM λ) λ (p) M
λ 0 m - λ 0
X λ
(z ) (1.10)
where
x(mM λ) z
(p) M
X (z ) - mM
λ
(1.11)
m
One-to-one Mapping
z n
- ( p) M ( p)
z x ( z ) x (n), 0,1,2.... M - 1 (1.13)
Vector Form :
X
(p)
(z) X (p)
0
(z), z
1
X
1
(p)
(z),....,z
(M 1)
X
(p)
M 1
(z)
T
(1.14)
16
Replacing λ by M - 1 - λ leads to the type 2 polyphase representation
Vai 88b :
M 1
X(z) z
(m 1 λ) (p2) M
λ 0
X λ
(z ) (1.15)
Where
x
(p2) M (p2) mM
X (z λ
)
m -
λ
(m).z (1.16)
and
(p2)
x λ
(m) x(mM M 1 λ) (1.17)
17
The type 1 and type 2 representations are related by
(z) x M 1 λ (z),
(p2) (p)
x λ
λ 0,1,2........ M - 1 (1.18)
(p) (p2)
The signals x1 (n) from Fig.1.4c and x 2 (n)
are therefore identical.Only the indexing is done
in the reverse order.
Replacing λ by - λ the type 3 polyphase
representation will be obtained
from the standard representation Cro 83 :
18
z X (z )
M -1
X(z) (1.19)
λ (p3) M
λ
λ 0
Where
x (m) z
X z
(p3)
λ
M
m
(p3)
λ
mM
(1.20)
and
x (m) x(mM λ)
(p3)
λ (1.21)
The type1 and type 3 representations are related by
x (z) x (z) (1.22)
(p3) (p)
0 0
and
x (z) z x (z), λ 1,2,3........M 1 (1.23)
(p3) 1 (p)
λ Mλ
The signals x (n) in fig 1.4c and x (n) are therefore identical
(p)
1
(p3)
3
19
1.1.3 Modulation Representation
X (e ) X(e e ) X(e
(m) jΩ jΩ - j2π k/M j[ - 2π k/M]
) (1.25)
k
2π k
Modulation shifting the frequency by
M
20
In The Time Domain
X(z W )
k
M ( W ) x(n)
k
M
21
Figure 1.5
Modulation representation
of a signal X(e j
)
22
(m)
a) X X 0
k 0
0 /M 2
b) (m)
x 1
k 1
0 2 / M 2
c) x
(m)
2 k 2
0 4 / M 2
d) (m)
x 3 k 3
0 6 / M 2
23
To avoid complex Time Domain signals
we have to combine
X(z W k
M
) X(z W M )
M -k
W
- kn
M
kn
x(n) W M x(n)
2x(n) cos(2π kn/M) (1.27)
The complete set of modulated z - Transforms
in the Matrix form :
x
(m)
(z) x (m)
0
(z) x 1
(m)
(z) ...... x
(m)
M 1
(z) T
(1.28)
X
-λ (p) M (p) n
z X λ
(z )
m
λ
.z (1.29)
24
1.1.4 Transformation of the
signal Components
From (1.13):
(p)
x λ
(n) x(n) w M (n λ)
1 M 1
x(n) W M
ν(λ n)
(1.30)
M ν 0
25
substituting the expression in
(1.30) into equation (1.29) gives,
replacing by k,
1 M 1
z-λ X (p) (
λ z
M
) x(n) W
k(λ n)
M
. z
n
n - M k 0
1 M 1 k(λ n)
M k 0 n
x(n)
z W M
n
1 M 1
-n
x(n)(zWM
k kλ
WM
(1.31)
M k 0 n
(z) W M ) Xk x(z
(m) k
26
The relationship between the polyphase components
and the modulation components is thus
the following
k 0
M W k X λ M
z X z
(z) ( )
λk (m)
M 1
(p) M 1 λ (1.32)
27
Reducing the Sampling Rate
Decimation
M
ANTI-ALIASING
28
1.2.1 Downsampling
The sampling rate of a discrete signal x(n) is
reduced by a factor M by taking only every
M-th value of the signal. The relationship between
the resulting signal y(m) and
the original signal x(n) is as follows:
y(m) = x(mM) (1.34)
Fig1.6 shows a signal flow representation of this
process:
29
Figure 1.6 Downsampler
x(n) y(m)
M
30
Can also be described using the polyphase
representation using discrete sampling
function w M (n) and leaving out the zeroes.
In the z-domain, we can use the z-transform of
the original signal,
X(z) x(n) z -n
(1.35)
n
and (1.11) with λ 0, to obtain the z - transform
x0
(p)
z M
x(m M) z mM
m
m
y(m) z M
m
Yz M
Y z (1.36) 31
Figure 1.7
steps in signal
processing used to perform
downsampling
32
a) x(n)
0 12 3 4 5 15 n
T
b) (p)
x 0
( n)
x ( 0) x(4) x(12)
n
1 234 5 15
c)
y(m)
x ( 0) x(4) x(12)
1 3 4
4T
m 33
Leaving out the zero values can be explained
Y(z ) Y(z)
M
y(m). (1.37)
using Laplace plane
ze sT
(1.38)
The space between samples is now
T MT (1.39)
and so we can define a new variable
z e sT
(1.40)
from (1.39), the relationship between the two variables
is then
z z M
(1.41)
34
Example 1.1 :
The z - transform of the signal x(n) in fig 1.7a is given by
X(z) x(0) x(1) z x(2) z .... x(14) z x(15) z
1 2 14 15
(1.42)
The polyphase component with λ 0 in fig. 1.7b is
X
(p)
0 (z ) x(0) x(4) z x(8) z x(12) z
4 4 8 12
(1.43)
From this , we get the polynomial
Y(z ) x(0) x(4) z x(8) z x(12) z
1 2 3
4 4 4 4
(1.44)
and thus the z - transform of the downsampled signal in fig. 1.7c,
Y(z) x(0) x(4) z x(8) z x(12) z
1 2 3
(1.45)
35
1.2.2 Spectrum of the
Downsampled Signal
The z - transform of the discretely sampled signal Y( z ) M
M k 0
36
In the following, the magnitude of this
transform is referred to
as the magnitude spectrum,
often shortened to just spectrum.
37
Fig1.8 spectra obtained using
downsampling
(m)
X X 0 must be bandlimited
0 /M 2
Y
k 0 k 1 k 2 k 3 k 0
0 2 / M 4 / M 6 / M 2
38
0 2 2M
Normalised Sampling Rate is 2π
Magnitude is decreased by factor M
2π
New sampling rate
M
s jω
e e e e (1.48)
jMΩ jMω T jωT jΩ
frequency is :
Ω ω T 2π f T π/(3M)
1 1 1 (1.51)
40
We can similarly calculate the normalized frequency
with respect to the new normalized frequency :
Ω w T 2π f T π/3 (1.52)
/
1 1 1
1
Y(e ) X(e
M -1
jπ /3
) (1.53)
jπ /3M - j2π k/M
M k 0
41
1.2.3 Aliasing Effects
(Vierastumisilmiöt)
x(n)
u(n)
h(n) M y(m)
0 /M 2
Anti-aliasing
b) H filter
0 /M 2
c)
X Band-limited
Signal
0 /M 2
Fig 1.10 The effect of anti-aliasing
43
low-pass filter
After Filtering:
k
(1.54)
will be down sampled
y(m) u (k ) h(mM k ).
k
(1.55)
44
In the z-transform Domain:
45
1.2.4 Scaling of the Anti-
Aliasing Filter
The gain of the Anti-aliasing filter=?
Consider the sampled analog signal
x (n) x ( nT ).
a (1.58)
The periodic spectrum of the discrete signal x(n)
is then
1
X(e ) X ( j jn ),
x(n) jT
a 0
T n
2 /T
0 (1.59)
46
We can similarly consider the decimated signal
y(m) in (1.34) to have been obtained by sampling
the same continuous signal x (t) , but this time
a
1
x (jω - jn ω /M)
a o (1.61)
MT n
47
By comparing the two spectra (1.59) and (1.61)
in the baseband, where the index n of the summed
expressions is 0 :
1
X ( e ) X ( j ) (1.62)
j T
o a
T
and
1
Y (e ) X ( j ), (1.63)
jMT
o a
MT
1
scaling factor
M 48
1.2.5 Decimation of Band-pass
Signals
modulation
49
(m)
X X 1
0 /M 2
k 1 k 0 k 1 k 2 k 3
2 / M 4 / M 6 / M 2
0 2 / M 2
b) H
0 2
c) X
0 2
Figure 1.12 The effect of anti-
aliasing band-pass filtering 52
X(z W ) is periodic in Ω
M (period 2π )
It is identical to the spectrum in (1.47)
with the index k shifted by 1
Anti-Aliasing Band-pass
Filter is needed
53
1.2.6 Downsampling with
a phase offset
54
x(n)
n
0 12 3 4 5 15
x 2(p)(n) λ2
polyphase component
15 n
y2(m)
m
/M 1 / M 3 / M
z
-λ (p)
λ
M
k 0
k
M
kλ
M (1.69)
From here, we can set z e j
M 1
1
M X(e
k 0
jΩ - j2π k/M
) W kλ
M (1.70) 56
fig 1.13a shows the signal x(n), already given
in the fig 1.2a, and fig 1.13b the polyphase
components x (n). From here, we can obtain
(p)
2
in fig.1.13c, by replacing z by Z or M
M k 0 (1.71)
57
The nonzero values of the downsampled polyphase
components will not appear at integeral values
of m unless =0. This is shown in fig 1.13c. This
representation is occasionally used for
hypothetical filter prototypes.
58
Example 1.3:
59
x(n)
n
0 1 2
~
x =0
0
m
0 1
~
x
1
=1
m
0 1/2 3/2 7/2
x
(p)
0 X( e ) (1.72)
j[Ω πk]
2 k 0
x
(p)
1 X( e j[Ω πk]
)W
,
K
2 (1.73)
2 k 0
( 1)
k
61
This is displayed in Fig 1.15c. Comparing (1.72) with (1.73)
or Fig.1.15b with fig 1.15c reveals that two spectra
have the same magnitude, but that with a phase
offest λ 1 the two sum terms have opposite signs .
As a result, the spectrum of ~x (m) has a period
(p)
1
62
X
a)
0
2
b)
2
0
c)
0 2
2 0 2 4
M=4
M=5
64