Human

respiratory
system
1. Definition of
respiration (breathing) is
the process of taking
oxygen from the
environment and of
carbon dioxide from the
body of living beings.
2. System human respiration can
take place due to the presence of
respiratory equipment. The tool
consists of human respiratory nasal
cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs. If one of the breathing
organs are unable to function
normally it can affect the
respiratory system in general
Nose :

It is the earliest
respiratory air through.
On the nose there are
olfactory nerves and tiny
hairs and mucous
membrane, which serves
to warm the air, filter the
air and humidify the air
The base of the throat
(pharynx) :
The pharynx is a meeting
between the respiratory tract
(nasofarings) on the front
and the gastrointestinal tract
(orofarings) on the back.
Windpipe (trachea) :
Trachea form rings of cartilage that
have cilia-cilia on the walls inside.

Bronchial :
A branching of the tracheal
bronchus. The trachea branches into
two, namely the right bronchus and
left bronchus
Lungs (Pulmo)
The lungs are located in
the chest cavity, at the
bottom adjacent to the
diaphragm, while the
front and side bounded
by the ribs.
Breathing chest
Chest breathing is breathing that involves muscle
ribs between bones. Mechanisms can be
distinguished as follows.
1. Inspiration phase.
This phase in the form berkontraksinya ribs between
bones muscles so the chest cavity enlarges, resulting in
pressure in the chest cavity is smaller than the pressure
outside so that oxygen-rich air outside entrance.

2. Expiratory phase. This phase is the phase relaxation

or muscle between the ribs return to their original
position which was followed by a decline in the ribs so
the chest cavity becomes smaller. As a result, the
pressure in the chest cavity becomes greater than the
pressure outside, so the air in the chest cavity rich in
carbon dioxide out.
Abdominal breathing
Abdominal breathing is breathing that involves
the diaphragm muscle. Mechanisms can be
distinguished as follows
1. Inspiration phase. This phase in the form berkontraksinya diaphragm
muscles so the chest cavity enlarges, resulting in pressure in the chest
cavity is smaller than the pressure outside so that oxygen-rich air outside
entrance.

2. Expiratory phase. This phase is the phase diaframa muscle relaxation or

return to the original position are followed by lower ribs so that the chest
cavity becomes smaller. As a result, the pressure in the chest cavity
becomes greater than the pressure outside, so the air in the chest cavity rich
in carbon dioxide out.
Lung Volume Breathing Air - Lungs
Breathing air volume can be measured using a
respirometer. Broadly speaking, breathing air volume
can be divided into the following six.

a. Tidal volume (tidal volume)

the volume of air breathing (inspiration) used, the
amount of which approximately 500 cc (cm3) or 500
mL.

b. Volume up inspiration (inspiratory reserve volume) or

a complementary air
the volume of air that can still be put to the fullest after
breathing (inspiration) used, the amount of which
approximately 1,500 cc (cm3) or 1,500 mL.
c. Expiratory reserve volume (expiratory reserve
volume) or a supplementary air :
the volume of air that can still be removed to the
maximum after exhaling (expiration) used, the amount
of which approximately 1,500 cc (cm3) or 1,500 mL.

d. Volume remains / residue (residual volume) :

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after exhaling
(expiration) the maximum, the amount of which
approximately 1,000 cc (cm3) or 1,000 mL.
 The respiratory system in birds

• Birds have a larynx, but not used to make

noise. Instead, an organ called the "syrinx"
serves as the "voice box."
• Birds have lungs, but they also have air
bags. Depending on the species, birds have
seven or nine airbags. Air bags include:
o Two posterior chest
o Stomach Two
o Two anterior chest
o Two of the cervix (this is not present in
some species)
o Interclavicular One
 Air Sacs of Birds

• Air bags birds extends

to the humerus (the bone
between the shoulder and
elbow), femur (thigh
bone), spine and even
skulls.
• Birds do not have a diaphragm, but rather, the
air in and out of the respiratory system through
pressure changes in the air bags. The muscles in
the chest cause the sternum to be pushed out.
This creates a negative pressure in the air sacs,
causing air to enter the respiratory system.
Expiration is not passive, but requires specific
muscles to contract to increase the pressure of
the air sacs and push the air out. Because the
sternum must move during respiration, it is
essential that it be allowed to move freely when
the bird is on hold. Holding a bird "too tight" can
easily cause the birds to suffocate.
• Because birds have air sacs that reach
into the bone, and it has no diaphragm,
respiratory infections can spread to the
abdominal cavity and the bone

• Lung bird does not expand or contract like the

lungs of mammals. In the mammalian lung,
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs in
microscopic sacs in the lungs, called 'alveoli.' In
the avian lung, gas exchange occurs in the walls
of microscopic tubules, called 'air capillaries. '
• The respiratory system of birds is more
efficient than mammals, transferring more
oxygen with each breath. It also means that
the toxins in the air are also transferred
more efficiently. This is one reason why the
fumes from teflon toxic for birds, but not
for mammals at the same concentration.
• When comparing birds and mammals of the
same weight, birds have a slow respiratory
rate.
• Respiration in birds requires two respiratory
cycles (inspiration, expiration, inspiration,
expiration) to move air through the entire
respiratory system. In mammals, only one
respiratory cycle is required.
 Kinds of human respiratory system diseases

1. Asthma
Asthma is a disorder airway obstruction caused by allergies such as
dust, fur, or hair.
2. TB (Tuberculosis)
Tuberculosis is a lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The bacteria cause a pimple on the walls of the alveoli.
3. Renitis
Renitis is an inflammation of the nose. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis
can be triggered by various factors, such as exposure to cold air, dust,
fumes, paint fumes, air pollution, printing ink, the smell of cooking,
laundry powder, as well as the odor of alcoholic beverages.
4. Influenza (flu) is a viral infection that causes fever, runny nose,
headache, cough, malaise, and inflammation of the mucous membranes
of the nose and respiratory tract.
1. Anastasya Manusiwa
2. Agnes Patty
3. Melitha Tamaela